Glands and Hormones MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for Glands and Hormones - Download Free PDF

The correct answer is A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III

Explanation:

A. Progesterone - IV (Corpus luteum):

• Progesterone is a steroid hormone primarily produced by the corpus luteum in the ovaries.
• It plays a critical role in regulating the menstrual cycle and maintaining pregnancy by preparing the uterine lining for implantation of the fertilized egg.
• During pregnancy, the placenta also produces progesterone to support fetal development.

B. Relaxin - II (Ovary):

• Relaxin is a hormone secreted mainly by the ovary, specifically by the corpus luteum, during pregnancy.
• It helps relax the ligaments in the pelvis and softens the cervix to prepare for childbirth.
• It also plays a role in inhibiting uterine contractions during early pregnancy.

C. Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH) - I (Pars intermedia):

• MSH is produced by the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland (a part of the intermediate lobe of the pituitary).
• It regulates the production and release of melanin in the skin, which affects pigmentation.

D. Catecholamines - III (Adrenal Medulla):

• Catecholamines such as adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) are produced by the adrenal medulla.
• These hormones are part of the body's response to stress ("fight-or-flight" response), increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose levels.
• Catecholamines also stimulate the breakdown of glycogen resulting in an increased concentration of glucose in blood. In addition, they also stimulate the breakdown of lipids and proteins.

The correct answer is Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

Concept:

• The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland work closely together as part of the endocrine system to regulate numerous bodily functions, including growth, metabolism, and water balance.
• The pituitary gland is divided anatomically into an adenohypophysis and a neurohypophysis.
• Neurohypophysis (pars nervosa) also known as posterior pituitary, stores and releases two hormones called oxytocin and vasopressin, which are synthesised by the hypothalamus and are transported axonally to the neurohypophysis.

Explanation:

• Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) is a hormone produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland.
• Vasopressin acts mainly at the kidney and stimulates resorption of water and electrolytes by the distal tubules and thereby reduces loss of water through urine (diuresis). Hence, it is also called as anti- diuretic hormone (ADH).
• An impairment affecting synthesis or release of ADH results in a diminished ability of the kidney to conserve water leading to water loss and dehydration. This condition is known as Diabetes Insipidus.

Other Options

Luteinizing hormone (LH):

• LH is synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
• It plays a key role in regulating the reproductive system, including ovulation in females and testosterone production in males.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH):

• FSH is also synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
• It is involved in the regulation of reproductive processes, such as the maturation of ovarian follicles in females and spermatogenesis in males.

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH):

• ACTH is synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
• It stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, which are vital for stress response and metabolism.

The correct answer is B, C, and D Only

Concept:

• The adrenal medulla is the inner part of the adrenal gland and plays a key role in the body's response to stress by secreting hormones such as adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine). These are commonly called as catecholamines.
• These hormones are referred to as "fight-or-flight" hormones because they prepare the body to respond to stressful or emergency situations.
• These hormones increase alertness, pupilary dilation, piloerection (raising of hairs), sweating etc.
• Both hormones increase the heartbeat, the strength of heart contraction and the rate of respiration.
• Catecholamines also stimulate the breakdown of glycogen resulting in an increased concentration of glucose in blood. In addition, they also stimulate the breakdown of lipids and proteins. 

Explanation:

• A. It causes pupillary constriction: This statement is incorrect. Adrenal medullary hormones cause pupillary dilation (mydriasis) to allow more light into the eyes and enhance vision during stressful situations. Pupillary constriction (miosis) is associated with the parasympathetic response, not the sympathetic response mediated by the adrenal medulla.
• B. It is a hyperglycemic hormone: Adrenal medullary hormones, particularly adrenaline, increase blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen into glucose) in the liver. This ensures that the body has an immediate supply of energy during stressful situations. Hence, this statement is correct.
• C. It causes piloerection: Piloerection, or the "goosebumps" phenomenon, is caused by the contraction of arrector pili muscles in response to adrenaline. This is part of the fight-or-flight response. Hence, this statement is correct.
• D. It increases the strength of heart contraction: Adrenaline and noradrenaline stimulate beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart, leading to increased heart rate and stronger heart contractions. This ensures better blood circulation during stress or emergency. Hence, this statement is correct.

The correct answer is A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II

Explanation:

A. Heart - III. Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF):

• The atrial wall of our heart secretes a very important peptide hormone called atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), which decreases blood pressure.
• When blood pressure is increased, ANF is secreted which causes dilation of the blood vessels. This reduces the blood pressure.
• ANF helps regulate blood pressure and fluid balance by promoting sodium excretion and reducing water reabsorption in the kidneys.
• This hormone counteracts the effects of aldosterone and reduces blood volume, thereby lowering blood pressure.

B. Kidney - I. Erythropoietin:

• The juxtaglomerular cells of kidney produce a peptide hormone called erythropoietin which stimulates erythropoiesis (formation of RBC).

C. Gastro-intestinal Tract - IV. Secretin:

• Endocrine cells present in different parts of the gastro-intestinal tract secrete four major peptide hormones, namely gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP).
• Secretin acts on the exocrine pancreas and stimulates secretion of water and bicarbonate ions.

D. Adrenal Cortex - II. Aldosterone:

• The adrenal cortex produces aldosterone, a steroid hormone that is part of the mineralocorticoid group.
• Aldosterone regulates sodium and potassium levels in the body by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys.
• This hormone is crucial for maintaining blood pressure and electrolyte balance.

The correct answer is MSH

Explanation:

• The pars intermedia is a part of the pituitary gland, located between the anterior and posterior lobes.
• It is responsible for the secretion of a hormone known as Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH).
• MSH plays a crucial role in regulating skin pigmentation by stimulating melanocytes to produce melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color.
• It helps in maintaining the normal rhythms of sleep-wake cycle, body temperature.
• Melatonin also influences metabolism, pigmentation, the menstrual cycle as well as our defense capability.

Other Options:

• ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone): This hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, not the pars intermedia. It stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce and release cortisol, a hormone essential for stress response and metabolism regulation.
• FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone): FSH is also secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. It plays a vital role in regulating the reproductive processes, including the development of eggs in ovaries and sperm in testes.
• GH (Growth Hormone): Growth Hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary gland as well. It is essential for growth and development, stimulating growth in tissues and bones.

Concept:

• Exocrine glands: The glands which secrete substances on the epithelial surface through the ducts are called exocrine glands. Eg. sweat, salivary, mammary, ceruminous, lacrimal, sebaceous, prostate, and mucous glands.
• Endocrine glands: The glands which secrete hormones and other substances directly into the bloodstream are called endocrine glands. Eg. Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Thymus, Gonads, etc.

​Explanation:

Endocrine Glands: 

• Endocrine glands lack ducts and are hence, called ductless glands. Their secretions are called hormones
• Hormones are non-nutrient chemicals that act as intercellular messengers and are produced in trace amounts
• The hormones are emptied directly into the bloodstream and then transported to target cells by blood
• The endocrine system regulates the metabolic activities of the body like body growth, sexual development & other biological processes
• The endocrine gland signalling is slow but its effects are prolonged 
• Some of the major endocrine glands are the Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Thymus, Gonads, etc.

 Additional Information

The correct answer is Pineal gland.

Key Points

• Melatonin, also known as hormone of darkness is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland in response to darkness.
• The hormone is involved in sleep regulation, as well as in a number of other cyclical bodily activities and circadian rhythm in humans.
• Melatonin is exclusively involved in signaling the 'time of day' and 'time of year' to all tissues and is thus considered as the body's chronological pacemaker or 'Zeitgeber'.
• Pharmacology of Melatonin-
• 
• Light has two effects on melatonin: day-night light cycles modify the rhythm of its secretion, and brief pulses of light of sufficient intensity and duration abruptly suppress its production.
• The hormone secretion in humans increases soon after the onset of darkness, peaks within the middle of the night, and gradually falls during the last half of the night.
• Uses: 
  • Treatment of sleep problem.
  • Act as an antioxidant that can significantly affect many health problems.

Additional Information

• Food items that contains Melatonin are - Milk, Fatty fish, Oats, Mushroom, Rice, Bananas, etc.
• Foods to avoid before sleeping are- Chocolate, Tomatoes, Pizza and Citrus fruits.

Key Points

• A gland is an organ that produce one or more substances, such as hormones, digestive juices, sweat, tears, saliva, or milk. 
• Endocrine glands - 
  • They are ductless glands.
  • Endocrine glands secrete their substances directly into your bloodstream.
• Exocrine glands - 
  • Exocrine glands secretes their products through ducts.
  • Exocrine glands secrete their substances through ducts and they reach the target organs.

Explanation:

• Heterocrine glands are the glands which work as both exocrine gland and endocrine gland.
• They have both exocrine and endocrine functions.
• For example, the Pancreas acts as both exocrine and endocrine glands.
• The exocrine secretions include the pancreatic juice which contains enzymes to aid digestion of food in the small intestine.
• The endocrine secretions include the secretion of hormones like Glucagon and Insulin.

Key Points

• The hormone that increases the heartbeat if present in higher concentrations is adrenaline.
• Adrenaline is secreted by the adrenal medulla which is the inner part of the adrenal gland.
• The adrenal medulla also secretes noradrenaline. These two hormones are commonly called catecholamines.
• Adrenaline and noradrenaline are rapidly secreted in response to the stress of any kind and during emergency situations and are called hormones of Fight-or-Flight or emergency hormones.
• The hormone increases the heartbeat, the strength of the heart contraction, blood pressure, and the rate of respiration and also expands the air passages of the lungs.
• It also increases alertness, sweating, piloerection (raising of hair), and pupillary dilation.

Additional Information

• Insulin-
  • ​Insulin is a peptide hormone, secreted by β- cells of Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas.
  • It plays important role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis.
  • Insulin also stimulates glycogenesis.
• Calcitonin-
  • ​Calcitonin is a protein hormone secreted by the thyroid gland.
  • It regulates blood calcium levels.
• Glucagon-
  • Glucagon is secreted by α- cells of Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas.
  • It is a peptide hormone and plays an important role in maintaining normal blood glucose levels.
  • It stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Hence, the correct option is (2) Adrenaline.

The correct answer is Pineal Gland. 

Key Points

• Located near the center of the brain, the pineal gland is the smallest gland in the human body with a length of about 5-8 mm.
• The gland produces melatonin and serotonin and is, therefore, responsible for modulating sleep patterns.

The correct answer is Goiter

Explanation:

• The thyroid gland is a vital hormone gland that plays a major role in the metabolism, growth, and development of the human body. It helps to regulate many body functions by releasing a steady amount of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream.
• Thyroxine (T4) is one of the hormones produced by the thyroid gland. It is responsible for regulating metabolism, heart and digestive functions, muscle control, brain development, and bone maintenance.
• Iodine is an essential nutrient that is crucial for the production of thyroxine. A deficiency in iodine can lead to thyroid gland problems, including goiter and hypothyroidism.
•  

The Correct answer is Both A and B.

Key Points

• These are 4 in number present on the backside of the thyroid gland in such a manner that 2 parathyroid glands present on the back of each lobe of the thyroid gland.
• The thyroid gland itself is located in the neck, just below the larynx (voice box), and consists of two lobes that are connected by a thin strip of tissue called the isthmus.
• These glands secrete 'Parathyroid hormone' or Parathormone/ Collip hormone is responsible for absorption of calcium from food as well as from kidneys and deposit that on bones and teeth.
• This hormone is responsible for increases in calcium levels in the blood.
  • That's why the parathyroid hormone is also known as the Hypercalcemic factor.
• Deficiency of parathyroid hormone leads to various conditions such as as- Tremors, Internal bleeding, Tetanus.
• Calcium ion helps in the contraction of Cardiac muscles.
  • If the excess amount of calcium is present the contradiction may persist for a longer time, resulting in heart failure.

The correct answer is A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III

Explanation:

A. Progesterone - IV (Corpus luteum):

• Progesterone is a steroid hormone primarily produced by the corpus luteum in the ovaries.
• It plays a critical role in regulating the menstrual cycle and maintaining pregnancy by preparing the uterine lining for implantation of the fertilized egg.
• During pregnancy, the placenta also produces progesterone to support fetal development.

B. Relaxin - II (Ovary):

• Relaxin is a hormone secreted mainly by the ovary, specifically by the corpus luteum, during pregnancy.
• It helps relax the ligaments in the pelvis and softens the cervix to prepare for childbirth.
• It also plays a role in inhibiting uterine contractions during early pregnancy.

C. Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH) - I (Pars intermedia):

• MSH is produced by the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland (a part of the intermediate lobe of the pituitary).
• It regulates the production and release of melanin in the skin, which affects pigmentation.

D. Catecholamines - III (Adrenal Medulla):

• Catecholamines such as adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) are produced by the adrenal medulla.
• These hormones are part of the body's response to stress ("fight-or-flight" response), increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose levels.
• Catecholamines also stimulate the breakdown of glycogen resulting in an increased concentration of glucose in blood. In addition, they also stimulate the breakdown of lipids and proteins.

The correct answer is Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

Concept:

• The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland work closely together as part of the endocrine system to regulate numerous bodily functions, including growth, metabolism, and water balance.
• The pituitary gland is divided anatomically into an adenohypophysis and a neurohypophysis.
• Neurohypophysis (pars nervosa) also known as posterior pituitary, stores and releases two hormones called oxytocin and vasopressin, which are synthesised by the hypothalamus and are transported axonally to the neurohypophysis.

Explanation:

• Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) is a hormone produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland.
• Vasopressin acts mainly at the kidney and stimulates resorption of water and electrolytes by the distal tubules and thereby reduces loss of water through urine (diuresis). Hence, it is also called as anti- diuretic hormone (ADH).
• An impairment affecting synthesis or release of ADH results in a diminished ability of the kidney to conserve water leading to water loss and dehydration. This condition is known as Diabetes Insipidus.

Other Options

Luteinizing hormone (LH):

• LH is synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
• It plays a key role in regulating the reproductive system, including ovulation in females and testosterone production in males.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH):

• FSH is also synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
• It is involved in the regulation of reproductive processes, such as the maturation of ovarian follicles in females and spermatogenesis in males.

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH):

• ACTH is synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
• It stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, which are vital for stress response and metabolism.

The correct answer is B, C, and D Only

Concept:

• The adrenal medulla is the inner part of the adrenal gland and plays a key role in the body's response to stress by secreting hormones such as adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine). These are commonly called as catecholamines.
• These hormones are referred to as "fight-or-flight" hormones because they prepare the body to respond to stressful or emergency situations.
• These hormones increase alertness, pupilary dilation, piloerection (raising of hairs), sweating etc.
• Both hormones increase the heartbeat, the strength of heart contraction and the rate of respiration.
• Catecholamines also stimulate the breakdown of glycogen resulting in an increased concentration of glucose in blood. In addition, they also stimulate the breakdown of lipids and proteins. 

Explanation:

• A. It causes pupillary constriction: This statement is incorrect. Adrenal medullary hormones cause pupillary dilation (mydriasis) to allow more light into the eyes and enhance vision during stressful situations. Pupillary constriction (miosis) is associated with the parasympathetic response, not the sympathetic response mediated by the adrenal medulla.
• B. It is a hyperglycemic hormone: Adrenal medullary hormones, particularly adrenaline, increase blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen into glucose) in the liver. This ensures that the body has an immediate supply of energy during stressful situations. Hence, this statement is correct.
• C. It causes piloerection: Piloerection, or the "goosebumps" phenomenon, is caused by the contraction of arrector pili muscles in response to adrenaline. This is part of the fight-or-flight response. Hence, this statement is correct.
• D. It increases the strength of heart contraction: Adrenaline and noradrenaline stimulate beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart, leading to increased heart rate and stronger heart contractions. This ensures better blood circulation during stress or emergency. Hence, this statement is correct.