Glands and Hormones MCQ Quiz in मराठी - Objective Question with Answer for Glands and Hormones - मोफत PDF डाउनलोड करा

The correct answer for this is A - IV, B - III, C - II, D - I

Explanation:

A. Epinephrine: Emergency hormone

Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a hormone and neurotransmitter produced mainly by the adrenal glands, which are located on top of the kidneys.

• It plays a critical role in the body’s response to stress or danger, often referred to as the "fight-or-flight" response.
• Epinephrine is released almost instantaneously from the adrenal medulla in response to signals from the brain, particularly during stressful situations.
• It quickly binds to adrenergic receptors on target tissues, leading to immediate physiological changes like pupil dilation, sweating, increase alertness and heartbeat, and many more that prepare the body for emergency actions.

B. Thyroxine: Basal metabolism

• Thyroxine (T4) is a crucial hormone produced by the thyroid gland that plays a fundamental role in regulating the body's basal metabolic rate (BMR). This refers to the rate at which the body uses energy while at rest to maintain vital functions such as breathing, circulation, and cell production. 
• Thyroxine plays an role in maintaining the basal metabolic rate by regulating metabolic processes at the cellular level.

C. Oxytocin Smooth muscle contraction

• Oxytocin plays a crucial role in inducing smooth muscle contractions, particularly in the uterus during labor and in the mammary glands during lactation.
• Through the activation of specific receptors and subsequent intracellular signaling cascades, oxytocin facilitates critical reproductive processes and also contributes to social and emotional bonding.

D. Glucagon: Hyperglycemia

• Glucagon is a peptide hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas. Its primary role is to increase blood glucose levels, particularly during periods of fasting or low blood sugar.
• Hyperglycemia refers to an elevated blood glucose level.

The correct answer is A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II

Explanation:

A. Exophthalmic goiter - III. Hyper secretion of thyroid hormone & protruding eyeballs
B. Acromegaly - IV. Excessive secretion of growth hormone
C. Cushing’s syndrome - I. Excess secretion of cortisol, moon face & hyperglycemia
D. Cretinism - II. Hypo-secretion of thyroid hormone and stunted growth

• Exophthalmic Goiter: This condition is related to hyperthyroidism, particularly Graves' disease, characterized by an overactive thyroid gland and symptoms including exophthalmos (protruding eyeballs).
• Acromegaly: This results from excessive secretion of growth hormone, often in adults, leading to the enlargement of bones in the face, hands, and feet.
• Cushing’s Syndrome: Characterized by the excess secretion of cortisol, leading to symptoms such as a rounded face (moon face), hyperglycemia, and other metabolic disturbances.
• Cretinism: This condition results from hypothyroidism (specifically, congenital hypothyroidism) and is characterized by stunted physical and mental growth due to a deficiency in thyroid hormone.

The correct answer is Diabetes Mellitus.

Key Points

• This condition is directly related to how the body processes glucose and involves issues with the hormone insulin, which is crucial for the regulation of blood glucose levels. 
• Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period. This occurs because of two primary reasons:
  • Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: The body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to little or no insulin production. Without sufficient insulin, glucose cannot be effectively transported into cells to be used as energy or stored as glycogen, resulting in high blood glucose levels.
  • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: This more common type involves insulin resistance, where body cells do not respond effectively to insulin, and later, a decrease in insulin production might occur. This insulin resistance greatly hampers glucose's uptake by cells, causing glucose to accumulate in the bloodstream instead of being stored as glycogen in liver and muscle or being used as energy.

The correct answer is Oxytocin

Explanation:

The anterior pituitary gland, also known as the adenohypophysis, secretes various hormones that regulate a wide range of bodily functions. These hormones include:

1. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
2. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
3. Growth hormone (GH)

However, oxytocin is not secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Instead, oxytocin is produced by the hypothalamus and then transported to and released from the posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis).

Key Points

• Luteinizing hormone (LH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and Growth hormone (GH) are all secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
• Oxytocin is produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland, not the anterior pituitary gland.

Conclusion:

The correct answer is Oxytocin, as it is not exclusively secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

The correct answer is A-iii, B-i, C-iv, D-v, E-ii

Explanation:

Various endocrine hormone secreted by different glands are as follows:

(i) Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) is secreted by hypothalamus that stimulates the gonadotroph cells of the anterior pituitary gland to release gonadotrophins.

(ii) Pars intermedia secretes the Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH), that acts on melanocytes.

(iii) Pineal gland secretes a hormone, called melatonin that plays a very important role in the regulation of a 24-hour (diurnal) rhythm of our body and also helps in maintaining the normal rhythms of sleep-wake cycle, body temperature, metabolism, pigmentation, menstrual cycle, etc.

(iv) Adrenal medulla secretes two hormones, i.e. adrenaline and nor-adrenaline, both of these hormones belongs to the category of compounds known as catecholamines. These are secreted in response to any kind of stress, danger and during emergency situation-like fall in blood pressure or sugar level, increased respiratory rate, heartbeat, etc.

(v) Adrenal cortex secretes a steroid hormone known as aldosterone that regulate the balance of water and electrolytes in our body.

The Correct answer is Both A and B.

Key Points

• These are 4 in number present on the backside of the thyroid gland in such a manner that 2 parathyroid glands present on the back of each lobe of the thyroid gland.
• The thyroid gland itself is located in the neck, just below the larynx (voice box), and consists of two lobes that are connected by a thin strip of tissue called the isthmus.
• These glands secrete 'Parathyroid hormone' or Parathormone/ Collip hormone is responsible for absorption of calcium from food as well as from kidneys and deposit that on bones and teeth.
• This hormone is responsible for increases in calcium levels in the blood.
  • That's why the parathyroid hormone is also known as the Hypercalcemic factor.
• Deficiency of parathyroid hormone leads to various conditions such as as- Tremors, Internal bleeding, Tetanus.
• Calcium ion helps in the contraction of Cardiac muscles.
  • If the excess amount of calcium is present the contradiction may persist for a longer time, resulting in heart failure.

The correct answer is Coordination of sensory and motor signals

Explanation:

The hypothalamus is a crucial part of the brain that regulates various homeostatic functions, but it does not coordinate sensory and motor signals. This function is primarily managed by other areas of the brain, such as the cerebral cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord.

Functions of the hypothalamus include:

• a) Regulation of body temperature: The hypothalamus acts as the body's thermostat, detecting changes in body temperature and initiating responses (such as sweating or shivering) to maintain a stable internal temperature.
• b) Control of urge for eating and drinking: The hypothalamus plays a significant role in regulating hunger, thirst, and satiety by responding to hormonal signals and internal cues related to energy and hydration status.
• d) Secretion of hypothalamic hormones: The hypothalamus produces and releases several hormones that control the pituitary gland, such as thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and others that regulate a wide range of physiological processes.

Why option c is incorrect:

• c) Coordination of sensory and motor signals: This is primarily the role of the cerebrum, specifically the sensory and motor cortices. The hypothalamus is more involved in regulating autonomic and homeostatic functions, not in processing sensory or motor information.

Summary: The hypothalamus is involved in regulating body temperature, hunger, thirst, and secreting hormones, but it does not coordinate sensory and motor signals, which is the function of other brain areas.

The correct answer is Sodium

Explanation:

• Second messengers are molecules that relay signals received by receptors on the cell surface to target molecules inside the cell. Sodium is not a secondary messenger.
• Ca⁺, cAMP and cGMP are secondary messengers in hormone action that are responsible for an amplification of signal. Regulate the cellular metabolism of body. 
• Hormones which interact with membrane-bound receptors normally do not enter the target cell, but generate second messengers (e.g., cyclic AMP, IP₃, Ca⁺⁺ etc) which in turn regulate cellular metabolism.
• Hormones which interact with intracellular receptors (e.g., steroid hormones, iodothyronines, etc.) mostly regulate gene expression or chromosome function by the interaction of hormone-receptor complex with the genome.

Fig: Hormone action (Protein hormone)

The correct answer is Cholecystokinin - Stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretions

Concept:

Endocrine cells present in different parts of the gastro-intestinal tract secrete four major peptide hormones, namely gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP).

• Gastrin acts on the gastric glands and stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen.
• Secretin acts on the exocrine pancreas and stimulates secretion of water and bicarbonate ions.
• CCK acts on both pancreas and gall bladder and stimulates the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and bile juice, respectively.
• GIP inhibits gastric secretion and motility.

Explanation:

• Cholecystokinin (CCK), one of the four major peptide hormones secreted by endocrine cells present in different parts of gastrointestinal tract acts on both pancreas and gall bladder. The CCK stimulates pancreas and gall bladder to secrete pancreatic enzymes and bile juice, respectively

Other Options:

• The pineal gland influences the menstrual cycle through its secretion of melatonin, which can affect reproductive hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.
• Interstitial cells, or Leydig cells, in the testes are responsible for the production of testosterone, not erythropoiesis which is the production of red blood cells and occurs primarily in the bone marrow.
• The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some estrogen, not oxytocin. Oxytocin is produced in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary gland.

The correct answer is parathyroid

Explanation:

• In humans, four parathyroid glands are present on the back side of the thyroid gland, one pair each in the two lobes of the thyroid gland.
• The parathyroid glands secrete a peptide hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH).
• The secretion of PTH is regulated by the circulating levels of calcium ions.
• Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases the Ca²⁺ levels in the blood. PTH acts on bones and stimulates the process of bone resorption (dissolution/ demineralisation).
• PTH also stimulates the reabsorption of Ca²⁺ by the renal tubules and increases Ca²⁺ absorption from the digested food. PTH is a hypercalcemic hormone, i.e., it increases the bloodCa²⁺ levels. Along with TCT, it plays a significant role in calcium balance in the body.

Other Options:

• Thymus: This gland is involved in the immune system, particularly the development of T cells, and is not directly related to calcium metabolism.
• Thyroid: The thyroid gland regulates metabolism through the secretion of thyroid hormones but does not directly regulate calcium levels.
• Adrenal: The adrenal glands produce hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenaline, which are involved in stress response, metabolism, and blood pressure regulation, but not directly in calcium metabolism.