Learner and Learning Process MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for Learner and Learning Process - Download Free PDF

The correct answer is Self-esteem.

Key Points

• Emotional Intelligence (EI) refers to the ability to recognize, understand, and manage our own emotions and the emotions of others.
• Key elements of Emotional Intelligence include:
• Self-awareness: Recognizing one's own emotions and their impact.
• Self-regulation: Managing or redirecting one's disruptive emotions and impulses.
• Motivation: Being driven to achieve for the sake of achievement.
• Empathy: Considering other people's feelings, especially when making decisions.
• Social Skills: Managing relationships to move people in desired directions.
• Self-esteem is not typically considered an element of Emotional Intelligence.
• Self-esteem is related to one's overall sense of self-worth or personal value.

Additional Information

• Self-awareness:
  • It involves understanding one's own emotions, strengths, weaknesses, values, and motives.
  • Self-aware individuals can accurately assess their own emotional states.
• Self-regulation:
  • It involves managing one's emotions in healthy ways.
  • It includes the ability to stay calm and composed during stressful situations.
• Empathy:
  • It is the ability to understand and share the feelings of others.
  • Empathy helps in building strong interpersonal relationships.
• Social Skills:
  • They are used to manage relationships and navigate social complexities.
  • Effective communication, conflict resolution, and teamwork are key components.

The correct answer is - Guilford Test of Product Improvement

Key Points

• Remote Associate Test
  • Used to measure a person's ability to see relationships between seemingly unrelated concepts, which is a key aspect of creativity.
• Sharma’s Divergent Production Ability Test
  • Assesses a person's ability to generate multiple unique solutions to open-ended problems, an important dimension of creativity.
• Minnesota Test of Creative Thinking
  • Evaluates various aspects of creative thinking including fluency, originality, and flexibility.
• Guilford Test of Product Improvement
  • Focuses on evaluating a person's ability to improve existing products, which is more aligned with practical problem-solving rather than pure creativity.

Additional Information

• Creativity Tests
  • These tests are designed to assess different dimensions of creative thinking, such as:
    • Fluency: The ability to generate a large number of ideas.
    • Originality: The ability to produce unique or novel ideas.
    • Flexibility: The capacity to produce a variety of ideas or solutions.
  • Examples include:
    • Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT)
    • Wallach-Kogan Creativity Tests
• Practical Problem-Solving Tests
  • These tests evaluate a person's ability to improve or optimize existing solutions or products, focusing more on practical application rather than pure creative ideation.
  • Examples include:
    • Guilford's Structure of Intellect (SOI) Model

The correct answer is - Option 2: (C), (B), (E), (A), (D)

Key Points

• Kolb’s Experiential Learning Model
  • This model describes the process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience.
  • It is a cyclical model consisting of four stages:
  • Concrete Experience (C): The learner actively experiences an activity.
  • Reflective Observation (B): The learner consciously reflects back on that experience.
  • Abstract Conceptualization (A): The learner attempts to conceptualize a theory or model of what is observed.
  • Active Experimentation (D): The learner tries to plan how to test a model or theory or plan for a forthcoming experience.

Additional Information

• Detailed Stages of Kolb’s Model
  • Concrete Experience (CE)
    • This is the first stage where the learner encounters a new experience or reinterprets an existing experience.
  • Reflective Observation (RO)
    • In this stage, the learner reflects on the experience on a personal basis.
  • Abstract Conceptualization (AC)
    • Reflection gives rise to a new idea, or a modification of an existing abstract concept.
  • Active Experimentation (AE)
    • The learner applies the new ideas to the world around them to see what happens.
• Application of Kolb’s Model
  • It is widely used in various fields like education, training, and personal development.
  • Helps in designing effective learning experiences and activities.

The correct answer is - Bruner

Key Points

• Bruner
  • Jerome Bruner's theories emphasize the importance of discovery learning and inquiry-based learning.
  • The Socratic method aligns with Bruner's principles as it encourages students to explore, question, and construct their own understanding.
  • Using this method, the teacher guides students to develop critical thinking skills by asking probing questions.

Additional Information

• Socratic Method
  • An approach where the teacher asks a series of thought-provoking questions to stimulate students' critical thinking and illuminate ideas.
  • Encourages students to engage in dialogue rather than passively receiving information.
• Other Theorists
  • Skinner: Known for Behaviorism, focusing on reinforcement and punishment as key to learning, not inquiry-based learning.
  • Piaget: Emphasized cognitive development stages and how children construct knowledge over time, but not specifically the Socratic method.
  • Vygotsky: Focused on social interaction and the Zone of Proximal Development as crucial to learning, but not directly tied to the Socratic method.

The correct answer is - (A), (C), (D) Only

Key Points

• Kurt Lewin
  • Kurt Lewin is recognized as one of the founding fathers of Gestalt Psychology.
  • Gestalt Psychology emphasizes understanding the human mind and behavior as a whole rather than in parts.
• Kohler's book
  • Kohler’s book titled ‘Mentality of Apes’ focuses on his experiments with chimpanzees.
  • The book is a significant contribution to the field of Gestalt Psychology and problem-solving.
• Skinner's opposition
  • Skinner opposed the "no stimulus, no response" mechanism, emphasizing that behavior can be shaped through reinforcement.
  • He is well-known for his work on Operant Conditioning.

Additional Information

• Albert Bandura
  • Albert Bandura is known for his Social Learning Theory, which emphasizes learning through observation, imitation, and modeling.
  • Key concepts of Bandura's theory include attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
• Positive Reinforcer
  • A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a behavior, increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.
  • It is the opposite of a negative reinforcer, which increases behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus.

The Theory of Multiple Intelligence which consists of eight different kinds of intelligence is propounded by an American psychologist 'Howard Gardner'. 

This theory emphasizes that:

• Intelligence is of several kinds.

• intelligence can't be tied to a single domain.

• each individual has his/her own unique abilities.

• intelligence is not dominated by a general factor.

Important Points

Spatial Intelligence:

• It is the capacity to perceive, understand and use spatial and visual information effectively.
• Such people are good at spatial orientation, forming visual images and patterns.  They can easily visualize the world with the mind’s eye, modify the surrounding based upon their perception and recreate aspects of their visual experiences. They are good at remembering images, figures, faces, fine details, and visualizing things from different angles.
• People with high visual/spatial intelligence are likely to be architects, painters, interior designers, surgeons, pilots, divers, and sailors.
• M. F. Husain, Amrita Sher-gil, Michael Angelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and I.M. Pei are examples of some people with good spatial intelligence. 

Naturalistic Intelligence

• It is the ability to recognize and understand the various patterns in nature.
• It includes sensitivity to nature with all its features including flora, fauna, and all the biodiversity.
• Gardner has added this eighth type of intelligence to his original seven intelligences.
• Such people appreciate the beauty of nature and the subtle aspects of nature.
• Hunters, farmers, bird watchers, botanists, biologists, tourists, and gardeners are high in this aspect of intelligence.
• Charles Darwin, a naturalist and best known for his contribution to the science of evolution with his book ‘On The Origin of Species is an example of a person with high naturalistic intelligence.

Intrapersonal Intelligence:

• It is the ability to understand oneself and know one’s thoughts, emotions, feelings, motives, and desires, and how these influence their behavior.
• It includes awareness about one’s strengths, limitations, goals, and ambitions in life. Such intelligence includes one’s introspective and self-reflective capacities.
• Such people are usually introverted, intuitive type, love to work alone, and are least affected by any external events.
• Various people-oriented careers require intrapersonal intelligence, e.g., psychologists and spiritual leaders like Swami Vivekananda, Ramakrishna Paramahansa, and Sri Aurobindo. Philosophers and writers also have strong intrapersonal intelligence.

Bodily-kinesthetic Intelligence:

• It is the ability to use and control one’s body movements and actions.
• Dancers and sports persons are usually high in such intelligence.
• Further, it is also required in surgery and crafts making as it involves skills and dexterity for fine motor movements.
• People with high bodily-kinesthetic intelligence can become good athletes, actors, sportspersons, acrobats, yoga practitioners, surgeons, police officers, and soldiers.
• Cricketers like Bradman, Tendulkar, dancer Pt. Birju Maharaj, Sonal Mansingh, Sanjukta Panigrahi, Madhuri Dixit, Rekha, acrobat Rosa Maria Ritcher, Olympic medallist P.T. Usha, Vijendra Singh demonstrate high bodily-kinaesthetic intelligence.

Hence, As per Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligence, M. F. Husain demonstrates visual-spatial intelligence.

Refer to the table to know the category of intelligence suggested by Howard Gardner in his multiple intelligence theory. 

The Scientific Management Theory is well known for its application of engineering science at the production floor or the operating levels.

Important Points

• The Scientific Management Theory is well known for its application of engineering science at the production floor or the operating levels.
• The major contributor of this theory is Fredrick Winslow Taylor, and that’s why the scientific management is often called as “Taylorism”.
• The scientific management theory focused on improving the efficiency of each individual in the organization.
• The major emphasis is on increasing the production through the use of intensive technology, and the human beings are just considered as adjuncts to machines in the performance of routine tasks.

Additional Information

• Gulick and Urwick :POSDCORB is an acronym widely used in the field of management and public administration that reflects the classic view of organizational theory. It appeared most prominently in a 1937 paper by Luther Gulick (in a set edited by himself and Lyndall Urwick).
• Elton Mayo: Elton Mayo's management theory promotes the hypothesis that workers are motivated by social and relational forces more than financial or environmental conditions.
• Drucker's management theory lie the concepts of decentralization, knowledge work (in fact, he coined the term “knowledge worker”), management by objectives (MBO), and the SMART goal method. Decentralization means that managers should empower employees by delegating tasks.

Thus F. W. Taylor has Propounded the scientific management theory. 

Howard Gardner proposed the 'theory of Multiple Intelligence'  Intelligence is practical goal-oriented activity.

Theory of Multiple Intelligence by Howard Gardner says- Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences proposes that people are not born with all of the intelligence they will ever have.

This theory challenged the traditional notion that there is one single type of intelligence, sometimes known as “g” for general intelligence, that only focuses on cognitive abilities.

Key Points He divided his theory into 8 types

'Adolescence' comes from the Latin word 'Adolescere' which means 'to grow to become mature'. It is a stage that lies between the age of '12 to 19 years.

Key Points

• During adolescence, individuals undergo significant cognitive and emotional changes that affect their decision-making ability. One of the traits that can hinder their decision-making ability is idealism.
• Idealism refers to the tendency to form and pursue high ideals or principles. Adolescents may develop idealistic beliefs about themselves, others, and the world around them, such as the belief that they can change the world or that people are inherently good.
• While having ideals can be positive, idealism can hinder decision-making ability in several ways. First, idealistic thinking can lead adolescents to focus on what "should" be, rather than what is realistically possible. For example, an idealistic adolescent may want to pursue a career that is highly competitive and difficult to attain, without considering their own skills and limitations.
• Idealistic thinking can lead to a sense of disillusionment or disappointment when ideals are not met. Adolescents who hold unrealistic ideals may feel discouraged when they face setbacks or failures, which can impact their decision-making ability.
• Idealistic thinking can make it difficult for adolescents to make decisions that prioritize their own needs and desires. They may feel pressure to live up to their ideals, even if it means sacrificing their own well-being or happiness.

Overall, while idealism can be a positive trait, it can also hinder decision-making ability in adolescents by leading to unrealistic expectations, disappointment, and a lack of consideration for their own needs and limitations. It's important for adolescents to learn how to balance their ideals with practical considerations when making decisions.

Hence, it can be concluded that option 2 is correct.

Important Points

Directive Counselling: In this counselling the counsellor plays an active role as it is regarded as a means of helping people how to learn to solve their own problems.

• This type of counselling is otherwise known as counsellor-centred counselling. Because in this counselling the counsellor does everything himself i.e. analysis, synthesis, diagnosis, prognosis, prescription and follow-up.
• During the interview attention is focused upon a particular problem and possibilities for its solution.
• During the interview the counsellor plays a more active role than the client or pupil.
• The pupil or client makes the decision, but the counsellor does all that he can to get the counselee or client makes a decision in keeping with his diagnosis.
• The counsellor tries to direct the thinking of the counsellee or client by informing, explaining, interpreting and advising him.

 Additional Information

• Non Directive: In this type of counselling the counselee or client or pupil, not the counsellor is the pivot of the counselling process. He plays an active role and this type of counselling is a growing process.
• Eclectic: In this counselling the goal is the independence and integration of the client rather than the solution of the problem. In this counselling process the counsellee comes to the counsellor with a problem.

Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, has made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized into four stages. 

• He observed his children and their process of making sense of the world around them and developed a model of how the mind processes new information encountered.

Key Points

Let's understand the Four Stages of Cognitive Development:

Hence, we can conclude that the correct match is (a) - (iii), (b) - (ii), (c) - (iv), (d) - (i).

16 PF is 16 personality factors.  It is a self-report personality test. Cattell's personality factors are included in the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) that is widely used today for career counseling in education. In business, it is used in personnel selection, especially for choosing managers. It is also used in clinical diagnosis and to plan therapy by assessing anxiety, adjustment, and behavioral problems.Important Points

16 PF test is based on Cattell’s theory: Cattell developed an assessment based on these 16 personality factors. The test is known as the 16PF Personality Questionnaire and is still frequently used today, especially in career counseling, marital counseling, and in business for employee testing and selection.

Key Points 

Raymond Cattell described the following 16 personality dimensions:-

Human development refers to the psychosocial, physical, and cognitive development of humans. It extends to the entire lifespan of humans. Physical development of humans involves growth and changes in the brain and the body including sense organs, motor skills, health, etc.

• Psychosocial development involves changes in personality, social relationships, and emotions. Cognitive development involves changes in memory, language, reasoning, creativity, etc.

Key Points

The following table will help summarise the important milestones in human development and its characteristics. 

Thus, children in the late childhood stage (8 years to 12 years) usually acquire a sense of discipline and some sense of responsibility to school work.

Howard Gardner proposed a theory of multiple intelligence. Gardner defines intelligence as "a biopsychological potential to process information that can be activated in a cultural setting to solve problems or create products that are of value in a culture.

Key Points Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences proposes that people are not born with all of the intelligence they will ever have. It includes eight types of intelligence.

Key Points

• Mastery goal orientation is a type of motivation focused on learning and improvement. People with mastery goal orientation are motivated to do their best and to improve their skills and knowledge. They are not concerned with comparing themselves to others or winning or losing.
• Avoidance focus is a type of motivation focused on avoiding failure or negative consequences. People with an avoidance focus are motivated to avoid making mistakes or looking bad. They are often perfectionists, and they are afraid of failure.
• The statement "Perfectionists do not make mistakes" exemplifies an avoidance focus standard. This standard is used to avoid failure or negative consequences. People who use this standard are motivated to avoid making mistakes at all costs. This can lead to anxiety, stress, and perfectionism.

Here are some other examples of avoidance focus standards:

• I must always get good grades.
• I must never make a mistake.
• I must always be the best.
• I must never look bad.

Avoidance focus standards can be harmful to motivation and learning. They can lead to anxiety, stress, and perfectionism. It is important to focus on mastery goal orientation instead of avoidance focus. Mastery goal orientation is more likely to lead to positive outcomes such as learning, improvement, and confidence.

The correct answer is 1) Perfectionists do not make mistakes.