Research Methods and Materials in English MCQ Quiz in हिन्दी - Objective Question with Answer for Research Methods and Materials in English - मुफ्त [PDF] डाउनलोड करें

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• Theoretical saturation in grounded theory refers to the point at which data collection and analysis yield no new insights.
• At this stage, additional data does not provide further information or themes relevant to the theory being developed.
• The concept is crucial in qualitative research to ensure that the theory is well-developed and comprehensive.
• It helps researchers determine when to stop collecting data, thereby making the research process more efficient and focused.
• Theoretical saturation ensures that the developed theory is robust and grounded in empirical data.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

Additional Information

• Option 2 refers to the application of existing theories, which is not the essence of theoretical saturation.
• Option 3 involves hypothesis credibility, which is a different aspect of research validation.
• Option 4 talks about using diverse theories, which is not related to the concept of saturation in grounded theory.

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• Reflexivity in qualitative research refers to the researcher's critical self-reflection on their potential biases and influence.
• This concept emphasizes the importance of the researcher being aware of and transparent about their own impact on the research process and findings.
• Reflexivity helps in understanding how the researcher's perspective, background, and interactions with participants can shape the data collection and interpretation.
• It is a crucial aspect of maintaining the integrity and credibility of qualitative research.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Additional Information

• Option 1: The ability to replicate the study independently refers to the concept of reliability in research, not reflexivity.
• Option 3: The iterative process of hypothesis testing is more relevant to quantitative research methodologies.
• Option 4: A strategy for minimizing participant bias is related to research validity and techniques for ensuring accurate data collection.

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) allows the examination of complex relationships between observed and latent variables, making it a powerful analytical tool in research.
• SEM can model multiple relationships simultaneously, providing a comprehensive understanding of the data.
• It incorporates both direct and indirect effects, offering a more detailed analysis of the relationships within the data.
• SEM is versatile and can be used to test theoretical models, confirmatory factor analysis, and path analysis, among other applications.
• Unlike simpler statistical methods, SEM accounts for measurement errors, providing more accurate and reliable results.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Additional Information

• Option 1: Simplifying the computation of correlation coefficients is not a primary advantage of SEM.
• Option 3: SEM is not limited to small datasets; it can handle large and complex datasets effectively.
• Option 4: SEM does not replace the need for regression analysis but rather extends its capabilities by modeling complex relationships.

The correct answer is Random sampling.

Key Points

• Random sampling is a method of selecting a sample from a population in such a way that every possible sample has a predetermined probability of being selected.
• This approach is crucial for ensuring the generalization of results in quantitative research because it minimizes selection bias and allows for the results to be more representative of the entire population.
• Random sampling helps in achieving a higher degree of accuracy and reliability in the findings, thus making the research outcomes more credible and valid.
• It is widely used in various fields such as psychology, sociology, and market research to draw conclusions that can be applied to a larger group based on the sample studied.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

Additional Information

• Convenience sampling: A non-random sampling technique where samples are selected based on their convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher.
• Snowball sampling: A non-random sampling method where existing study subjects recruit future subjects from among their acquaintances.
• Purposive sampling: A non-random sampling technique where the researcher selects subjects based on specific characteristics or qualities.

The correct answer is option 3.

Key Points

• Construct validity involves the theoretical soundness of a measurement tool, ensuring that the test accurately measures the concept it intends to measure.
• Criterion validity examines the correlation of the measurement tool with a gold standard or an external criterion, assessing how well one measure predicts an outcome based on another measure.
• Construct validity is concerned with the conceptual appropriateness and meaningfulness of the test scores, whereas criterion validity deals with the practical effectiveness and predictability of the test outcomes.
• Both types of validity are essential in evaluating the overall validity of a measurement tool, but they focus on different aspects of the validation process.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 3.

Additional Information

• Construct validity is often assessed through various methods, including factor analysis, which examines the underlying structure of the test items.
• Criterion validity can be divided into two subtypes: concurrent validity, which assesses the correlation between the test and the criterion at the same time, and predictive validity, which examines how well the test predicts future outcomes.
• Ensuring both construct and criterion validity enhances the credibility and utility of a measurement tool in psychological and educational assessments.

The correct answer is To capture detailed observations and reflections for later analysis.

Key Points

• Field notes are a crucial component of ethnographic research, allowing researchers to document their observations, experiences, and reflections in the field.
• These notes provide a rich, qualitative record of the research setting, participants' behaviors, interactions, and the context in which they occur.
• Field notes help researchers to capture the complexity and nuances of the social world they are studying, which may not be captured through other data collection methods.
• They serve as a primary source for data analysis, helping researchers to identify patterns, themes, and insights about the studied culture or community.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Additional Information

• Option 1: Recording preliminary data for statistical analysis is not the primary role of field notes in ethnographic studies, as they focus on qualitative data.
• Option 2: Field notes are not formalized questionnaires but rather informal, flexible records of observations and reflections.
• Option 4: Listing potential participants for the study is not the main purpose of field notes, though they may occasionally include such information.

The correct answer is The convergence of multiple data sources or methods to validate findings.

Key Points

• In the context of mixed-methods research, "triangulation" refers to the use of multiple data sources, methods, or perspectives to cross-verify and validate the findings.
• This approach enhances the credibility and reliability of the research outcomes by ensuring that the results are not dependent on a single method or source.
• Triangulation can involve the combination of qualitative and quantitative data, different theoretical perspectives, or the use of multiple investigators.
• By converging evidence from different sources, researchers can obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the research problem.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Additional Information

• Option 1: The use of three different statistical tests to verify results pertains to statistical validation, not triangulation.
• Option 3: An algorithm for analyzing qualitative data refers to specific qualitative data analysis techniques, not triangulation.
• Option 4: A three-point scale for measuring variables is a type of measurement scale and does not relate to triangulation.

The correct answer is Option 4.

Key Points

• In longitudinal research, repeated measurements help control for maturation effects.
• Maturation refers to the natural changes that occur within subjects over time, which could impact the study outcomes.
• By taking repeated measurements, researchers can account for and differentiate between changes due to maturation and the effects of the experimental variables.
• This process improves the internal validity of the study by reducing the potential confounding impact of maturation.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

Additional Information

• History effects: These refer to events occurring between the initial and later measurements that are not related to the study but might affect the outcomes.
• Testing effects: These are changes in participants' responses due to their familiarity with the test or assessment tools over time.
• Instrumentation: This involves changes in the measurement tools or procedures that could influence the study results.

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• The primary purpose of using a double-blind experimental design is to ensure neither the participants nor the researchers influence the results.
• In a double-blind experiment, both the subjects participating in the study and the researchers conducting the study are unaware of the group assignments (i.e., who is receiving the treatment and who is receiving a placebo).
• This method helps prevent bias in research results.
• By eliminating both participant and researcher bias, the validity and reliability of the data collected are significantly improved.
• Double-blind studies are particularly important in clinical trials and psychological research.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Additional Information

• Option 1: To eliminate variance in experimental settings - This is incorrect as double-blind design primarily aims to eliminate bias, not variance.
• Option 3: To enhance the reliability of qualitative data - This is incorrect as double-blind design is more relevant to quantitative data.
• Option 4: To simplify the data collection process - This is incorrect as double-blind designs often make the process more complex to ensure unbiased results.

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• In qualitative research, "thick description" refers to a detailed account that situates data within its sociocultural context.
• This approach goes beyond mere surface-level reporting of events or responses and includes an in-depth understanding of the cultural and social meanings behind the data.
• Thick description is essential for providing a comprehensive view of the context in which the observed behaviors or responses occur, allowing for better interpretation and understanding.
• By situating the data within its sociocultural context, researchers can uncover deeper insights and generate more meaningful conclusions about the studied phenomena.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Additional Information

• Option 1: A brief summary of a participant’s response does not provide the depth and contextual understanding required for thick description.
• Option 3: Statistical analysis of ethnographic data focuses on quantitative measures rather than qualitative, sociocultural context.
• Option 4: Coding schemes for textual analysis are tools for organizing data but do not inherently provide the rich, contextual detail characteristic of thick description.