Which of the following is a semi-modular canal outlet?

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  1. Khanna’s rigid module
  2. Gibb’s rigid module
  3. Pipe outlet discharging freely in the atmosphere
  4.  Submerged pipe outlet

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : Pipe outlet discharging freely in the atmosphere
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Explanation:

Canal Outlets or Module:

A canal outlet is a small structure built at the head of the water course so as to connect it with a minor or a distributary channel. It is also called sluice.

Types of Canal Oulets:

Canal outlet can be classified mainly into three classes:

(i) Non modular outlets:

  • Non modular outlets are those outlets whose discharge depends on the difference of water levels (i.e. head) between the distributary and the water course.
  • Such an outlet is controlled by a shutter at its upstream end.
  • Non modular outlets are very suitable for low head condition.
  • Example: Submerged pipe outlets and masonary sluices


(ii) Semi-modular outlets:

  • Semi modular outlets are those outlets whose discharge depends only on the water level in the distributary and is unaffected by the water level in the water course provided that a minimum working head required for working is available.
  • Example: Pipe outlet, Venturi flume


(iii) Modular outlets:

  • Modular outlets are those whose discharge is independent of the difference of water levels in the distributary and the water course.
  • These are called Rigid modules.
  • Example: Gibb's module
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