When a gas or vapour is allowed to escape through a minute aperture such as leakage of steam through the safety valve of a pressure cooker, the leakage process is called

Explanation:

Throttling process:

• A throttling process occurs when a gas or vapor flows through a minute aperture or restriction, leading to a drop in pressure.
• The process is characterized by constant enthalpy (no change in enthalpy) since there is no significant work done, and no heat transfer occurs.
• Example: Steam escaping through the safety valve of a pressure cooker.

Throttling processes are commonly encountered in engineering, particularly in valves, orifices, and similar devices where the fluid undergoes a reduction in pressure.

Key Characteristics of Throttling:

• Constant Enthalpy (h1 = h2): The enthalpy before and after the throttling process remains the same.
• Pressure Drop: The fluid experiences a significant reduction in pressure as it passes through the restriction.
• Temperature Change: Depending on the fluid and its initial conditions, the temperature may increase, decrease, or remain constant due to the Joule-Thomson effect.

Important Points

 In a throttling process, the most significant outcome is the pressure drop, while the enthalpy remains constant. This distinguishes throttling from other thermodynamic processes such as adiabatic or isothermal processes