Introducing Sociology MCQ Quiz in தமிழ் - Objective Question with Answer for Introducing Sociology - இலவச PDF ஐப் பதிவிறக்கவும்

Macro sociology is a branch of sociology that focuses on the big picture of society. It examines large-scale social structures, institutions, and processes, rather than focusing on individual interactions or small groups.

Key Points

Here are some key characteristics of macro sociology:

• Focus on large-scale structures: Macro sociologists are interested in things like social class, gender, race, religion, politics, the economy, and culture. These are the big forces that shape our lives and the lives of those around us.
• Emphasis on social change: Macro sociologists are interested in how societies change over time. They ask questions about things like globalization, technological change, and social movements.

Hint

• Micro sociology focuses on the behavior and interactions of individuals and small groups.
• Industrial sociology specifically deals with the relationship between work and society, including organizations, occupations, and power dynamics in the workplace.

Therefore, macro sociology is the most fitting term for the study of large societies.

The Sociological term used to describe the status of intern resident and independent medical practitioner successively occupied by a medical student is Status Sequence.Important Points

• Status sequence refers to the status, which is attained in succession or sequence at various stages of life.
• Status set is a collection of social statuses that an individual holds. A person may have the status of a daughter, wife, mother, student, worker, church member and citizen. The term "status set" was coined by Robert K. Merton in 1957.
• Achieved status is one that is acquired on the basis of merit; it is a position that is earned or chosen and reflects a person's skills, abilities, and efforts.
• Ascribed status is beyond an individual's control. It is not earned, but rather is something people are either born with or had no control over.

Kaka Kalelkar was the first chairman of the "Backward Classes Commission".Important Points

• Article 340 of the Constitution of India, the First Backward Classes Commission was set up by a presidential order on 29 January 1953 under the chairmanship of Kaka Kalelkar.
• For identifying socially and educationally backward classes, the commission adopted the following criteria:
  1. Low social position in the traditional caste hierarchy of Hindu society.
  2. Lack of general educational advancement among the major section of a caste or community.
  3. Inadequate or no representation in government services.
  4. Inadequate representation in the field of trade, commerce and industry.

Additional Information 

• B.R Ambedkar was an Indian jurist, economist, social reformer and political leader who headed the committee drafting the Constitution of India from the Constituent Assembly debates, served as Law and Justice minister and inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement after renouncing Hinduism.
• B.P Mandel served as the chairman of the Second Backward Classes Commission, popularly known as the Mandal Commission which mobilized a segment of the Indian population known as "Other Backward Classes" (OBCs) and initiated a fierce debate on policies related to underrepresented and underprivileged groups in Indian politics.
• M.K Gandhi was an Indian revolutionary, anti-colonial nationalist, and political ethicist who employed non violent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.

Spatial segregation of minorities to remote areas of cities is known as Urban Apartheid.Important Points 

• Urban Apartheid creates a cultural and solidarity imbalance and also the partitioning of functions within a given space, with separate spaces for shops, housing and administration.
• Ghetto is a form of urban apartheid.

Additional Information 

• Gated community is a form of residential community or housing estate containing strictly controlled entrances for pedestrians, bicycles, and automobiles and has closed perimeter of walls and fences.
• Minoritisation is the process of making a person or group subordinate in status to a more dominant group or its members.
• Sub-Urbanism is the process of population shift from central urban areas into suburbs, resulting in the formation of (sub)urban sprawl.

The correct answer is Comte. 

Key Points

• Auguste Comte, the founding father of sociology defines sociology as the science of social phenomena "subject to natural and invariable laws, the discovery of which is the object of investigation". Hence option 4) is correct. 
• Isidore Marie Auguste François Xavier Comte was a French philosopher and author who developed the positivist theory.
• He is frequently referred to as the "first philosopher of science" in the contemporary sense.
• Comte's theories were also important in the formation of sociology; in fact, he coined the name and saw sociology as the pinnacle of the sciences.
• The Course in Positive Philosophy, a set of texts published between 1830 and 1842, was the first to articulate positivism's epistemological approach.
• The publication A General View of Positivism, published in 1848, followed these texts (published in English in 1865).
• The first three volumes of the Course focused on the existing physical sciences (mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, and biology), whereas the latter two focused on the impending arrival of social science.

Both the statements are true and R is the correct explaination of A. 

Altruistic suicide : According to Durkheim, altruistic suicide occurs in societies where individuals are overly-integrated, where the demands and norms of the group considerably surpass those of the individual. Here, individuals are so strongly connected to the societal norms and expectations that they might willingly take their life for the collective good or to preserve the honor of their families or groups.

Additional Information 

• "Suicide: A Study in Sociology" is one of the most influential works by French sociologist Emile Durkheim, first published in 1897.  the group's needs and norms overwhelmingly overshadow those of the individual. In these societies characterized by strong collective conscience and high social integration, individuals are so strongly connected to the societal norms and expectations that they might willingly take their life for the collective good or to preserve the honor of their families or groups.
• He identifies four distinct types of suicide, each resulting from different social factors:
  • Egoistic suicide: This arises in societies where individuals are not well-integrated into the social fabric, leading to increased feelings of alienation and disconnectedness. When individuals do not feel part of a community or group, they are more likely to commit suicide.
  • Altruistic suicide: Contrary to egoistic suicide, altruistic suicide occurs in societies where individuals are overly-integrated, where the demands and norms of the group considerably surpass those of the individual. Here, individuals may end their lives out of a perceived duty or obligation to the community.
  • Anomic suicide: This form of suicide occurs during periods of significant social, economic, or political upheaval, when societal norms or rules (i.e., the collective conscience) are disrupted or weakened, creating a state of "anomie" or normlessness.
  • Fatalistic suicide: This type of suicide is least explored by Durkheim and refers to situations where individuals are excessively regulated, under conditions of oppressive discipline.

The correct answer is a High Birth Rate and High Death Rate.Key Points

• The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) is based on historical population trends of two demographic characteristics – birth rate and death rate – to suggest that a country's total population growth rate cycles through stages as that country develops economically.
• Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) is characterized by a low population growth rate due to a high birth rate (number of annual births per one thousand people) and a high death rate (number of annual deaths per one thousand people).

Additional Information

• The second stage (Early expansion): The death rate begins to decline while the birth rate remains unchanged. As the birth rates remain high, the population starts to grow rapidly.
• In the third stage of demographic transition, the birth, as well as death rates, decline.
•  The fourth stage of demographic transition is characterized by a low birth rate and a low death rate in the population, leading to a stationary population.
• Stage 5: At this stage, both rates remain relatively low, but the death rate is now higher than the birth rate. The total population is still high but starting to decline due to the birth rate falling (to 7 per 1,000) below the death rate (9 per 1,000).
• The Demographic Transition Model
  • Stage 1: High Population Growth Potential.
  • Stage 2: Population Explosion.
  • Stage 3: Population Growth Starts to Level Off.
  • Stage 4: Stationary Population.
  • Stage 5: Further Changes in Birth Rates.

Thus, The first stage of demographic transition is characterized by High Birth Rate and High Death Rate.

Explanation

• Social sciences deal with social phenomena in general.
• Different social sciences deal with different aspects of the social life of man.
• Anthropology is the study of the origin and development of human societies and cultures.
• Sociology is the study of human societies and social behavior.
• Anthropology and sociology are two of the most important academic disciplines that have gained popularity in the last century.
• Alfred Louis Kroeber (1876 to 1960), an American anthropologist, considered anthropology and sociology as twin sisters because they both study human behavior. 
• They both look at how people interact and how these interactions change over time.
• A society cannot be formed without people, and there are specific rules and nature of society.
• Thus it can be said both are interdependent and can be termed as twin sisters.

Additional Information Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. Psychologists are actively involved in studying and understanding mental processes, brain functions, and behavior.

Political science is the systematic study of governance by the application of empirical and generally scientific methods of analysis. 

Economics is the study of scarcity and its implications for the use of resources, production of goods and services, growth of production and welfare over time, and a great variety of other complex issues of vital concern to society.

The correct answer is Level of relative inequality.

Key PointsGini coefficient:

• In economic Gini coefficient is also known as Gini Index or Gini ratio.
• It is measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income inequality or wealth inequality within a nation or a social group.
• The Gini coefficient is an index for the degree of inequality in the distribution of income or wealth used to estimate how far a country's wealth or income distribution deviates from an equal distribution.
• It was developed by statistician and sociologist Corrado Gini.
• A Gini coefficient of 0 expresses perfect equality.
• A Gini coefficient of 1 or 100 expresses maximal inequality among values.
• It is widely used in fields as sociology, health science, ecology, engineering and agriculture.

The correct answer is Max Weber.

Key Points

• Max Weber, a German sociologist, economist, and politician, wrote The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Hence option 3) is correct.
• The original German book was written in 1904 and 1905 as a series of articles, and it was first translated into English in 1930 by American sociologist Talcott Parsons.
• It is regarded as a seminal work in economic sociology and a seminal contribution to sociological philosophy.
• In the book, Weber claims that capitalism arose in Northern Europe as a result of huge numbers of individuals being persuaded by the Protestant (especially Calvinist) ethic to labour in the secular world, build their own businesses, engage in trade, and accumulate wealth for investment.
• In other words, the Protestant work ethic was an important force behind the unplanned and uncoordinated emergence of modern capitalism.
• Apart from Calvinists, Weber discusses Lutherans (particularly Pietists), Methodists, Baptists, Quakers, and Moravians (specifically referring to the Herrnhut-based community under Count von Zinzendorf's spiritual leadership).
• After Weber's Economy and Society, Mills' The Sociological Imagination, and Merton's Social Theory and Social Structure the International Sociological Association named this work the fourth most influential sociological book of the twentieth century in 1998.