Reproductive Health MCQ Quiz in मल्याळम - Objective Question with Answer for Reproductive Health - സൗജന്യ PDF ഡൗൺലോഡ് ചെയ്യുക

Concept:

• Birth control is a means to prevent pregnancy.
• The measures that are taken in order to avoid fertilization and thus pregnancy are called contraceptives.
• An ideal contraceptive is readily available, effective, has no side effects, and is user-friendly.

Explanation:

• Lactational amenorrhea:
  • ​Lactational amenorrhea is a method of birth control.
  • During intense lactation following parturition, ovulation does not take place.
  • This is because, during lactation, prolactin is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
  • Prolactin stimulates the mammary gland for the production of milk. It also suppresses the release of gonadotropins like FSH and LH.
  • Due to the absence of gonadotropins, ovulation does not take place i.e. ovum is not released from the ovary. As a result, fertilization does not take place.
  • Therefore, as long as the mother breastfeeds her child fully, the chances of conception are almost negligible.
  • However, this method proves to be effective for a maximum of 6 months following parturition.
  • The chances of failure of this method are thus high.
  • This method does not have any side effects because it does not involve any medicines or devices.

So from the above-given information, the correct answer is option 1.

The correct answer is IUD

Concept: 

• Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs) are inserted by doctors or expert nurses in the uterus through vagina.
• These Intra Uterine Devices are presently available as the non-medicated IUDs (e.g., Lippes loop), copper releasing IUDs (CuT, Cu7, Multiload 375) and the hormone releasing IUDs (Progestasert, LNG-20).
• IUDs increase phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus and the Cu ions released suppress sperm motility and the fertilising capacity of sperms. The hormone releasing IUDs, in addition, make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperms.

Explanation:

• GIFT (Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer) is an assisted reproductive technology (ART) used to treat infertility, not a method of birth control.
• IUD (Intrauterine Device) is a small device inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy and is a method of birth control.
• IVF (In Vitro Fertilization) is another assisted reproductive technology (ART) used to treat infertility, not a method of birth control. 

The correct answer is Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Genital Herpes

Explanation:

• Sexually transmitted diseases are diseases that are transmitted through sexual contact.
• They can be caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
• Gonorrhoea, syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydiasis, genital warts, trichomoniasis, hepatitis-B and HIV leading to AIDS are some of the common STIs. Among these, HIV infection is most dangerous.

Other options:

• Tuberculosis (TB): This is primarily a respiratory illness that spreads through airborne particles when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It is not classified as an STI.
• Malaria: This is a mosquito-borne disease and not sexually transmitted.
• Diabetes: This is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels and is not a transmissible disease, sexually or otherwise.

The correct answer is As injections or implants under the skin

Explanation:

Progestogens alone or in combination with estrogen can also be used by females as injections or implants under the skin. Their mode of action is similar to that of pills and their effective periods are much longer.

Progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combinations can be administered as contraceptives in forms other than pills, including:

1. Injections: Progestogen-only contraceptives, such as Depo-Provera (medroxyprogesterone acetate), are administered as an injection every 3 months. These injections provide a long-lasting release of hormones that help prevent ovulation, thicken cervical mucus, and alter the uterine lining.

2. Implants: Hormonal implants, like Nexplanon or Implanon, are small rods inserted under the skin of the upper arm. They release a steady dose of progestogen over a period of 3 to 5 years, providing long-term contraception by inhibiting ovulation and thickening cervical mucus.

These methods are highly effective and convenient because they do not require daily administration like oral contraceptive pills.

Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

• A. As capsules: While capsules could theoretically deliver hormones, they are not commonly used as a method of hormonal contraception. Oral pills are the preferred form.
• C. As syrups: Hormonal contraceptives are not typically administered as syrups, as it would be difficult to achieve the precise and controlled dosage needed.
• D. As topical creams: Hormonal contraceptives are not administered as creams for systemic absorption. Though some hormonal therapies use creams for localized effects, contraceptives require a consistent and precise hormone level in the bloodstream, which is better achieved through pills, injections, or implants.

Therefore, the correct answer is  As injections or implants under the skin, as these are common methods for delivering progestogen or progestogen-estrogen combinations for contraception.

The correct answer is A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II

Explanation:

A. Non-medicated IUD - III. Lippes loop

• Non-medicated Intrauterine Devices (IUDs) are devices inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. They do not contain any medication.
• Lippes loop is one of the well-known non-medicated IUDs. It is made of inert plastic and does not release any substances.

B. Copper releasing IUD - I. Multiload 375

• Copper releasing IUDs are a type of IUD that release copper ions into the uterus, which are toxic to sperm and thus prevent fertilization. Examples: CuT,Cu7, Multilioad 375.
• The Multiload 375 has a specific design and copper wire wrapped around it, which releases copper to provide contraceptive effects.

C. Hormone releasing IUD - IV. LNG-20

• Hormone releasing IUDs are devices that release hormones (usually progestogen) into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. Examples: LNG-20 and Progestasert.
• The hormone releasing IUDs make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to the sperms.

D. Implants - II. Progestogens

• Progestogens alone or in combination with estrogen can also be used by females as injections or implants under the skin
• Their mode of action is similar to that of pills and their effective periods are much longer.

Key Points

• Fertilization is the process of fusion of nuclei of male and female gametes to form a zygote.
• It is a significant stage of sexual reproduction.
• Fertilization takes place in the fallopian tube of the female reproductive system.
• Based on the fusion of gametes that takes place inside or outside the body, it is of two types- Internal and External fertilization.
• When fertilization takes place inside the female parent is known as internal fertilization. e.g., human, cow, monkey, etc.
• When fertilization occurs outside the female parent, is called external fertilization. e.g., fish, frog, etc.

Explanation:

• Fertilization outside the body is called In vitro.
• In vitro means "in glass", which refers to fertilization in test-tube i.e., outside of a living organism.
• In vitro fertilization is an artificial technique of fertilization in which the ovum and the sperm are fused in a fluid medium in a laboratory.
• After that, the zygote is transferred to the uterus of the female parent to successfully develop a pregnancy.

Hence, the correct option is (1) In vitro.

Concept:

• Contraceptives are birth control devices that help in preventing unwanted pregnancies.
• Various contraceptive methods can be divided into:
  • Natural Methods
  • Barrier Methods
  • Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs)
  • Oral contraceptives (pills)
  • Surgical Methods

Important Points

• Barrier methods are physical contraceptives by which physical barriers are used to prevent pregnancy.
• They block the entry of sperms through the cervix.
• The most common are condoms, that are used by males.
• Females can use the following barriers:
  • Vaults
  • Diaphragm
  • Cervical caps
• These are usually made out of rubber and are inserted into the cervix of the female just before coitus.

Explanation:

Sterilization - 

• In context of birth control, sterilization refers to surgical methods of contraception.
• This includes surgical processes of tubectomy and vasectomy.
• It interferes with gamete transfer and thus prevent pregnancies.
• It is a terminal method and often irreversible, and hence make the individuals "sterile".

Correct Answer: Option 4

Concept:

• Birth control is a means to prevent pregnancy.
• The measures that are taken to prevent fertilization and thus pregnancy are called contraceptives.
• An ideal contraceptive is easily available, effective, has no side effects, and is user-friendly.

Explanation:

Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs):

• IUDs are a mechanical means of birth control. It is a temporary means of preventing unwanted pregnancies.
• IUDs are either plastic or metal objects that are placed inside the uterus of a female.
• Lippes loop, copper-releasing IUDs, and hormone-releasing IUDs are the different devices used in this method.

Lippes loop:

• It is a plastic double "s" loop.
• It is a non-medicated IUD.
• It stimulates the accumulation of macrophages (immune cells that carry out phagocytosis) in the uterine cavity.
• Macrophages engulf the sperms entering the uterus after coitus and thus act as a contraceptive.

Copper-releasing IUDs:

• ​The copper released from these IUDs suppresses sperm motility inside the female reproductive tract.
• As the sperm's ability to swim is reduced, it cannot reach the fallopian tube in time for fertilization. Thus the fertilizing capacity of the sperm is also reduced.
• As a result, fertilization does not occur and pregnancy is avoided.
• CuT, Cu7, and Multiload 375 are some examples of copper-releasing IUDs.

Hormone-releasing IUDs:

• ​It makes the uterus unsuitable for implantation.
• It also creates a hostile environment for sperm in the cervix of a female.
• As a result, pregnancy is avoided.
• Progestasert and LNG-20 are hormone-releasing IUDs.

ASSERTION: IUDs are only available as medicated IUDs.

• ​This statement is false.
• IUDs are available as medicated as well as non-medicated IUDs.

REASON: Lippes loop is a type of medicated IUD.

• ​This statement is false.
• Lippes loop a plastic double "s" loop.
• It is a non-medicated IUD.
• Thus from the above-given information, both assertion and reason are false.

So the correct answer is option 4.

Correct Answer: Option 4

Concept:

• Birth control is a means to prevent pregnancy.
• The measures that are taken to avoid fertilization and thus pregnancy are called contraceptives.
• An ideal contraceptive is readily available, effective, has no side effects, and is user-friendly.

Explanation:

• Condoms:
  • Condoms are mechanical temporary means of contraception.
  • Condoms are thin rubber or latex sheaths.
  • Condoms are used to cover the penis in males and the vagina or cervix in females just before coitus.
  • Condoms prevent the ejaculated semen from entering the female reproductive tract. Thus they prove to be effective barriers to insemination preventing conception.
  • Condoms do not interfere with the coital act.
  • The use of condoms has increased in recent years. It is simple, effective, and has no side effects.
  • Condoms provide users protection against STDs.
  • Both male and female condoms are disposable and should be discarded after each use.
  • Condoms can be self-inserted.

So from the above-given information, the correct answer is option 4.

The correct answer is Gonorrhoea

Concept:

• Infections or diseases which are transmitted through sexual intercourse are collectively called sexually transmitted infections (STI) or venereal diseases (VD) or reproductive tract infections (RTI).
• Gonorrhoea, syphilis, genital herpes, chlamydiasis, genital warts, trichomoniasis, hepatitis-B and  HIV infection leading to AIDS.
• Except for hepatitis B, genital herpes and HIV infections,
  other diseases are completely curable if detected early and treated properly.

Explanation:

• Genital herpes: This is caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) and is not curable. Treatment can manage symptoms, but the infection remains in the body.
• Gonorrhoea: This bacterial infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae can be completely cured with appropriate antibiotic treatment if detected early.
• Hepatitis-B: This is a viral infection that affects the liver. Although it can be managed and symptoms can be controlled, it is not completely curable.
• HIV Infection: This viral infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus is not curable. Treatments can manage and control the virus, extending life expectancy, but the virus remains in the body.