Water Logging and Reclamation MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for Water Logging and Reclamation - Download Free PDF

Last updated on Apr 7, 2025

Latest Water Logging and Reclamation MCQ Objective Questions

Water Logging and Reclamation Question 1:

An identified source of irrigation water has ion concentrations of Na+, Ca++ and Mg++ as 28, 12 and 20 milli equivalents per litre, respectively. The SAR of this water is approximately:

  1. 3
  2. 4
  3. 7
  4. 9
  5. None of the above

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : 7

Water Logging and Reclamation Question 1 Detailed Solution

Explanation

Sodium-ion in small amounts is good for plants. But excess sodium ion creates the problem for both plant and soil. Excess sodium contributes to salinity and is toxic for some sensitive crops.

Soil with high sodium content becomes very plastic in nature in the wet stage, which shows low permeability and poor aeration.

This excessiveness of sodium ion is measured in terms of sodium absorption ratio (SAR).

\({\rm{SAR}} = \frac{{\left[ {{\rm{N}}{{\rm{a}}^ + }} \right]}}{{\sqrt {\frac{{\left[ {{\rm{C}}{{\rm{a}}^{2 + }}} \right] + \left[ {{\rm{M}}{{\rm{g}}^{2 + }}} \right]}}{2}} }}\)

Where,

[Na+] = concentration of sodium ion in milli-equivalent per liter

[Ca2+] = concentration of calcium ion in milli-equivalent per liter

[Mg2+] = concentration of magnesium ion in milli-equivalent per liter


SAR = \(\frac{{{\rm{Na}^{+}}}}{{\sqrt {\frac{{{\rm{Ca}^{++}} + {\rm{Mg}^{++}}}}{2}} }}\) = \(\frac{{28}}{{\sqrt {\frac{{12 + 20}}{2}} }} = 7\)

Important Points

 

SAR - [0 - 10] (Type of water is Low sodium)

 

Water Logging and Reclamation Question 2:

Consider the following statements regarding water logging:

1. Water logging is rise of groundwater table leading to possible increase in salinity resulting in a reduction in the yield of crops

2. Water logging cannot be eliminated in certain areas but can be controlled only if the quantity of water percolating into that soil is checked and reduced

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
  5. Insufficient Information

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : Both 1 and 2

Water Logging and Reclamation Question 2 Detailed Solution

Concept:

Water Logging: An agricultural land is said to be water logged when the root zone of the crops gets flooded with high water table and become ill-aerated. The productivity gets affected by water logging problem.

Water logging & Salinity: When water table has risen up substantially it comes within the root zone of the crops and the soluble salts present in the water also rise up towards the surface. So, when water is evaporated the salts gets deposited in the root zone, resulting in increased salinity. Therefore, it affects the process of osmosis which in turn results in reduction in water extraction capacity of the roots. Thus, water logging reduces the productivity or yield of the crops.

Statement 1 is correct.

Control of water logging: Water logging can be controlled by provision of efficient drainage to drain away the storm water and excess irrigation water by use of surface and sub-surface drainage. These drainage will check and reduce the water percolating in the soil mass, thus reducing the chances of water logging. But it cannot be eliminated completely as there will be always some water percolation into the soil mass.

∴ Statement 2 is correct.

Water Logging and Reclamation Question 3:

Which of the following is NOT a preventive measures of water logging? 

  1. Efficient surface drainage
  2. Lining of canals
  3. Stopping the practice of sprinkler irrigation
  4. Economic use of water

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : Stopping the practice of sprinkler irrigation

Water Logging and Reclamation Question 3 Detailed Solution

Explanation:

Water logging occurs when excess water accumulates in the root zone of crops, reducing oxygen availability and affecting plant growth. Preventive measures aim to reduce water stagnation and improve drainage.

Analysis of Each Option:

  1. Efficient surface drainage (Correct Preventive Measure)

    • Surface drainage helps remove excess water from fields, preventing waterlogging.

  2. Lining of canals (Correct Preventive Measure)

    • Unlined canals lead to seepage, increasing water table levels and causing water logging.

    • Lining canals reduces seepage, minimizing waterlogging risks.

  3. Stopping the practice of sprinkler irrigation (Incorrect Preventive Measure)

    • Sprinkler irrigation is actually a water-efficient method that prevents excess water application.

    • Stopping it would lead to inefficient water use, potentially increasing waterlogging issues.

  4. Economic use of water (Correct Preventive Measure)

    • Using water judiciously prevents excess water accumulation, reducing chances of waterlogging.

Water Logging and Reclamation Question 4:

Which of the following is causes of water-logging?

I. Seepage of water through the canal

II. Inadequate surface drainage

  1. Only I
  2. Only II
  3. Both I and II
  4. Neither I nor II

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : Both I and II

Water Logging and Reclamation Question 4 Detailed Solution

Water-logging occurs when the soil becomes saturated with water, leading to various negative effects such as reduced oxygen in the soil, root rot, and diminished crop yields. Key contributors include seepage from nearby water bodies like canals, which increases soil moisture levels, and inadequate surface drainage, which prevents excess water from being effectively removed. Both factors contribute to prolonged water retention in the soil, making it difficult for plants to grow properly. Proper water management and drainage systems are essential to prevent water-logging and ensure healthy soil conditions for agriculture.

Water Logging and Reclamation Question 5:

The water having the value of (SAR) Sodium Absorption Ratio is helpful for all crops lies between

  1. 0 to 10
  2. 10 to 18
  3. 18 to 26
  4. 26 to 34

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : 0 to 10

Water Logging and Reclamation Question 5 Detailed Solution

Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) is a measure of the amount of sodium (Na) relative to calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in water. It indicates the suitability of water for irrigation, as high sodium levels can adversely affect soil structure and crop health. Water with low SAR values is generally considered safe for most crops, as it minimizes the risk of soil dispersion and maintains good permeability and aeration. An SAR value between 0 to 10 is typically deemed suitable for all crops, ensuring balanced soil chemistry and avoiding detrimental effects on soil and plant growth.

Top Water Logging and Reclamation MCQ Objective Questions

If the Sodium Adsorption Ratio of the irrigation water is 11, then it is classified as:

  1.  Low sodium water
  2. Medium Sodium Water
  3. High Sodium Water
  4. Very High sodium water

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 2 : Medium Sodium Water

Water Logging and Reclamation Question 6 Detailed Solution

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Concept:

Sodium-ion in small amounts is good for plants. But excess sodium ion creates the problem for both plant and soil. Excess sodium contributes to salinity and it is toxic for some sensitive crops.

Soil with high sodium content becomes very plastic in nature in the wet stage, which shows low permeability and poor aeration.

This excessiveness of sodium ion is measured in terms of sodium absorption ratio (SAR).

\({\rm{SAR}} = \frac{{\left[ {{\rm{N}}{{\rm{a}}^ + }} \right]}}{{\sqrt {\frac{{\left[ {{\rm{C}}{{\rm{a}}^{2 + }}} \right] + \left[ {{\rm{M}}{{\rm{g}}^{2 + }}} \right]}}{2}} }}\)

Where,

[Na+] = concentration of sodium ion in milli-equivalent per liter

[Ca2+] = concentration of calcium ion in milli-equivalent per liter

[Mg2+] = concentration of magnesium ion in milli-equivalent per liter

SAR

Type of water

0-10

Low sodium

10-18

Medium sodium

18-26

High sodium

>26

Very high sodium

what is the pH value of a water-logged field, if the top soil has become alkaline and water logged?

  1. 8
  2. 9
  3. 10
  4. 11

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 4 : 11

Water Logging and Reclamation Question 7 Detailed Solution

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Concept:-

When, pH = 7 to 8.5 normal yields. (Best suited pH for maximum yields)

When, pH = 8.0 to 9.0 yield decreases and partially infertile

When, pH = 11 soil becomes more alkaline and infertile

Note: -

Water logging may be defined as the increase in water-table which lead to decreased productivity of the land. Whenever there is water-logging, there will always be salinity. And hence soil becomes alkaline.

Causes of water logging: -

  1. Over and intensive irrigation
  2. Seepage of water from adjoining high lands
  3. Seepage of water through canals.
  4. Inadequate natural drainage.
  5. Excessive rainfall
  6. Submergence due to floods.

The waterlogged soils are rendered infertile because of

(i) Lack of aeration

(ii) Reduced soil temperature

(iii) Weed growth 

(iv) Enhanced soil erosion

  1. Only (i)
  2. (i) & (ii)
  3. (iii) & (iv)
  4.  (i), (ii), (iii) & (iv)

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 2 : (i) & (ii)

Water Logging and Reclamation Question 8 Detailed Solution

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Concept:-

When pH = 7 to 8.5 normal yields. (Best suited pH for maximum yields)

When pH = 8.0 to 9.0 yield decreases and partially infertile

When pH = 11 soil becomes more alkaline and infertile

Note: -

Waterlogging may be defined as the increase in water-table which leads to decreased productivity of the land. Whenever there is water-logging, there will always be salinity. And hence soil becomes alkaline.

Causes of waterlogging: -

  1. Over and intensive irrigation
  2. Seepage of water from adjoining high lands
  3. Seepage of water through canals.
  4. Inadequate natural drainage.
  5. Excessive rainfall
  6. Submergence due to floods.

Effects of Waterlogging

  1. Poor aeration - The pores of soil are filled with water and hence there is no effective circulation of air 
  2. Reduced soil temperature - A waterlogged soil warms up slowly and due to low temperature action of soil bacteria is inhibited and plant food available is less. It lowers the rate of nitrogen fixation.
  3. Alters pH
  4. Retard cultivation.
  5. Affects soil nutrients.
  6. Affects human health due to mosquito breeding and disease vectors.
  7. Inhibiting activity of soil bacteria
  8. Decrease in available capillary water

Which ONE is the best method of the reclamation of the acidic soil?

  1. Leaching
  2. Provision of good drainage
  3. Use gypsum as a soil amendment
  4. Use limestone as a soil amendment

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 4 : Use limestone as a soil amendment

Water Logging and Reclamation Question 9 Detailed Solution

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Explanation:

Acidic Soil Formation: In regions of high rainfall soluble basic salts such as, Ca, Mg, K, Na, are leached away by drainage water and insoluble acidic residue accumulates such as silicates of iron, silicon, and aluminium which increases acidity in the soil.

Some other reasons for the formation of acidic soil are rainfall, decomposition of organic matter, etc.

Different liming materials such as CaO, Ca (OH)2, CaCO3 are added to the soil for its reclamation.

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For acidic soil - The use of limestone as a soil amendment can prove to be the best method of reclamation of soil.

For alkaline soil - The use of gypsum as a soil amendment can prove to be the best method of reclamation of soil.

Which of the following statement is INCORRECT with respect to waterlogging?

  1. Extensive irrigation should be adopted in areas susceptible to waterlogging.
  2. Intensive irrigation should be avoided in areas susceptible to waterlogging.
  3. None of the above
  4. Lift irrigation increases waterlogging.

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 4 : Lift irrigation increases waterlogging.

Water Logging and Reclamation Question 10 Detailed Solution

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Explanation:

It is a phenomenon in which the productivity of land gets affected due to the high water table leading to flooding of the root zone of the plants and making the root zones of the plants ill-aerated.

  1. Over and intensive irrigation
  2. Seepage of water from the adjoining lands
  3. Impervious obstruction
  4. Inadequate surface drainage
  5. Inadequate natural drainage
  6. Heavy rains
  7. Submergence due to floods High water table

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Lift irrigation:

  • Irrigation with which water is supplied to the system by water-lifting devices is called pumping/mechanical/lift irrigation (by means of mechanical water-lifting devices).
  • It has high operating costs. 
  • It has fewer problems with waterlogging.

Extensive irrigation:

  • These systems are more costly to build and to maintain.
  • Irrigation service provided to end-users is often limited to only two to three irrigations per season.
  • These systems often have fewer problems with waterlogging and salinity and provide incentives for the conjunctive use of ground and surface water.

Intensive irrigation

  • This system uses a large amount of water, labour, and resources for a small area in order to increase production and yield.
  • More prone to waterlogging as no limit to the amount of irrigation water.

A tile drainage system draining 12 hectares, flows at a design capacity for two days, following a storm. If the system is designed using a drainage coefficient of 1.25 cm, how much of water will be removed during this period ?

  1. 1500 m3
  2. 4500 m3
  3. 3000 m3
  4. 3500 m3

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : 3000 m3

Water Logging and Reclamation Question 11 Detailed Solution

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Concept:

The drainage coefficient is defined as the depth of water to be removed in 24 hours from the entire drainage area.

  • It is used for the design of drainage systems for agricultural lands.
  • In agricultural lands, open ditches or drains are the most commonly used surface drainage structures.
  • The rate at which the open drains should remove water from a drainage area depends on:
    • Rainfall
    • Size of the drainage area
    • Characteristics of the drainage area
    • Nature of the crops grown
    • The degree of protection required for them from waterlogging

​Calculation:

Given:

Drainage coefficient = 1.25 cm ( i.e Depth of water removed per day)

Area = 12 ha = 120000 m2

(1 ha = 10000 m2)

Water removal period = 2 days

The volume of water removed = Drainage coefficient × Area × Time = (1.25/100) × 120000 × 2 = 3000 m3

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

A. Seepage drains reduce the chances of water logging.

B. Water logging makes the land more productive.

C. Fertilisers used in irrigation may contribute in various ways to the problem of water pollution.

D. Water logging is caused due to the presence of permeable strata.

  1. D and A
  2. B and D
  3. A and B
  4. B and C

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 2 : B and D

Water Logging and Reclamation Question 12 Detailed Solution

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Explanation:

Water logging:

  • Water logging of the land occurs when the water table rises and the soil in the root zone of the plants gets saturated and the air circulation is stopped.
  • Water logging generally occurs because of intensive irrigation and inadequate drainage of the irrigated land.
  • Waterlogging affects the productivity and fertility of the land and causes a reduction in crop yield.

Causes of waterlogging -

  • Over-Irrigation
  • Inadequate surface drainage
  • Obstruction of natural surface drainage
  • Obliteration of a natural drainage
  • Obstruction of natural subsurface drainage
  • Impervious top layer
  • Seepage from canals
  • Construction of a reservoir
  • Defective methods of cultivation
  • Defective irrigation practice

Effect of waterlogging -

  • Reduction in the growth of plants
  • Difficulty in cultivation
  • Accumulation of salts
  • Weed growth
  • Increase in plant diseases
  • Lowering of soil temperature
  • Increase in incidence of malaria

Hence statements B and D are incorrect.

A given piece of land is said to be waterlogged when:

  1. none of the above
  2. capillary fringe reaches the root zone of plants
  3. gravity drainage has ceased
  4. the permanent wilting point is reached

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 2 : capillary fringe reaches the root zone of plants

Water Logging and Reclamation Question 13 Detailed Solution

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Explanation:

Waterlogging is simply the saturation of soil with water when the capillary fringe reaches the root zone of plants.

F11 Abhishek M 5-3-2021 Swati D1

Causes of Waterlogging

  1. Excessive irrigation and poor drainage system by farmers.
  2. Natural causes such as prolonged rainfall or flood.
  3. Interflows and seepage from nearby water bodies like lakes, shallow aquifers, etc.
  4. Soil type like clay holds water due to low permeability.
  5. An impervious stratum below the topsoil, obstructs the infiltration of rainfall, causing a false water table or perched water table.

Effects of Waterlogging

  1. Poor aeration.
  2. Alters pH.
  3. Changes in soil temperature.
  4. Retard cultivation.
  5. Affects soil nutrients.
  6. Affects human health due to mosquito breeding and disease vectors.

The mathematical expression commonly used for spacing design of tile drainage system is called

  1. V. T. Chow equation
  2. Hooghoudt equation
  3. Horton equation
  4. R. J. Garde equation

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 2 : Hooghoudt equation

Water Logging and Reclamation Question 14 Detailed Solution

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Concept:

Tile drainage is a type of drainage system that removes excess water from soil below the surface. Plants need air as well as moisture in their root zones for their survival, excess irrigation farm water is free to move into the underground tile drains, this water, if not removed, retards the plant growth because It fills the soil voids and restricts proper aeration, Therefore there is a need for Sub-surface drainage or tile drainage.

The spacing of the drains is given by the Hooghoudt equation:

\(S = \frac{{4k}}{q}\left( {{b^2} - {a^2}} \right)\)

Where,

k = Coefficient of permeability

q = discharge per unit length in the drain

a = depth of the impervious strata below the drain

b = maximum height of the drained water table above the impervious layer

Estimate the leaching requirement when electrical conductivity (EC) value of a saturated extract of soil is 10 m mho/cm at 25% reduction in the yield of the crop. The EC of irrigation water is 1.5 m mho/cm

  1. 7.5%
  2. 10%
  3. 15%
  4. 6.66%

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 1 : 7.5%

Water Logging and Reclamation Question 15 Detailed Solution

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Concept:

Leaching Requirement:

leaching requirement (LR) is a fraction of the amount of irrigation water and the fraction is the ratio of the salinity of the irrigation water to the salinity of the deep percolated (drained) water.

\(LR={D_d\over D_i}={C_i\over C_d}={EC_{(i)}\over EC_{(d)}}={EC_{(i)}\over 2EC_{(e)}}\)

Where Dd = Depth of water drained out per unit area

Di = Total irrigation water depth applied

Ci = Salt concentration of irrigation water

Cd = Salt content of drained or leached water.

EC(i) = Electrical conductivity of irrigation water

EC(d) = Electrical conductivity of drained water

EC(d) = Value is twice the value of saturation soil extract EC(e).

Calculation:

Given

Electrical conductivity saturated soil Extract (EC(e))= 10 m mho/cm 

Electrical conductivity of irrigation water (EC(i)) = 1.5 m mho/cm

\(LR={EC_{(i)}\over 2EC_{(e)}}\)

\(LR = {1.5\over 2\times 10}=0.075\)

Leaching requirement (LR) = 7.5%

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