Super Structure MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for Super Structure - Download Free PDF

Explanation:

Water Closet/Bathroom

1. The size of the independent water-closet shall be 0.90 m² with a minimum width of 0.9 m
2. The size of the independent bathroom shall be 1.20 m² with a minimum width of 1.0 m
3. The size of the combined bathroom and water closet shall be 1.80 m² with a minimum width of 1.0 m.

Additional InformationIn a building the water closet is provided for receiving human excreta as shown in the figure.

Explanation:

Cork Flooring:

Cork is a natural and renewable material. It's harvested from the bark of cork oak trees, which are native to Spain, Portugal and Tunisia, and has been used in construction for centuries. These are some benefits:

• Healthy: Naturally resistant to termites and also anti-microbial.
• Safe: Fire resistant
• Comfortable: Natural thermal and acoustic insulator.
• Durable: It resists cracking and abrasions and is impermeable to gas and liquid.

Wooden flooring: 

Wood floors whether solid or engineered are highly durable and resistant to every day wear and tear. Due to them being natural products they hold the warmth much better than any man-made laminates, tiles or stone floors so under foot they are much more comfortable, especially in the colder months of the year.

Linoleum flooring:

Linoleum has been a popular choice for flooring in homes and business applications. It's widely known for its durability and versatility, and is among the most affordable options when it comes to floor coverings.

Glass flooring:

Glass floors are made with transparent glass when it is useful to view something from above or below; whereas translucent glass is used when there is no need to view through. In either case, toughened glass is usually chosen, for its durability and resistance to breakage

Jack arch is used in masonry construction. They provide support at openings in masonry. They have flat profiles, hence also called flat or straight arch. The bottom fibre of arch is subjected to tension and top fibre of arch is subjected to compression.

A typical cross section of jack arch made from brick is shown below:

Specifications about Jack Arch:

1. The rise of the Jack arch is 1/12^th of the span.

2. The minimum depth at the crown of Jack arch is 150 mm.

As per CBRI, the specification for the flooring for different zones in the nation is described in the document titled: Zone Wise Economic Specifications for Building Construction, 26 August 2011

Specification for flooring:

i) Base for ground floor

Over rammed earth, 10 cm thick sand layer shall be laid. The base concrete shall comprise of:

a) 75 mm thick 1: 8: 16 cement concrete;

Or

b) 18: 32: 100 lime concrete as specified in foundations.

c) Lime base product: sand: 40 mm and down aggregate in 1: 3: 6 mix as per specification for the foundation.

ii) Wearing coat for the ground floor and intermediate floors

25 mm thick 1: 2: 4 cement concrete with 12 mm and down stone aggregate and finished smooth.

Or

Burnt clay/tile flooring laid with 1: 4 cement sand mortar or clay flooring tiles 2.5 cm thick laid in ALPM: sand: 2 mortar.

Formwork and its applications are tabulated below.

Mansard Roof/French Roof: Slope in all four directions with break on each slope.

Gambrel Roof- Slope on two directions but there is break in slope.

Gabel Roof- Slope in two directions with no break.

Hip Roof- Slope in all four directions with no break.

Shed Roof- Slope in only one direction.

Mat roof- No slope in any direction i.e. flat roof.

Deck roof- Slope in all directions but has plane or flat surface on top.

Door frame:

The door frame consists of an assembly of horizontal and vertical members that are placed at the top, bottom, and sides of an opening to form an enclosure providing support for a door. Generally, the door frame is made of wood.

Following are the members of door frame

1) Head of Door Frame

The head is the top horizontal member of the frame.

2) The sill of Door Frame

The sill is the bottom horizontal member of the frame which may or may not be provided. The main reason for providing the sill frame is that the floor acts as a sill itself

3) Horn of Door Frame

It is a horizontal projection of the top and bottom members of the frame to enable the fixing of the frame in the wall opening.

4) Jamb of Door Frame

The door jamb is the vertical wall face of a door opening that supports the door frame. In the door frame, the jamb is the vertical portion of the door frame in which a door is secured. If you want to open and lock your door properly, door jamb is important.

5) Holdfasts of a door frame

These are the mild steel flat bars that are used to hold the frame in the position. These bars are generally bent into Z-shape and fixed on one end to the frame and the other end is inserted in the wall.

6) Rebate of a door frame

It is a depression made all around the door frame, on one side of which, the door shutter is fixed by the means of hinges.

7) A threshold of a door frame

It is the cross wooden piece fixed to door under a door frame which forms the sill and may be provided if required.

8) The transom of a door frame

It is a horizontal member of a frame, which is provided to sub-divide a door opening horizontally.

9) Mullion of a door frame

It is a vertical member of the frame, which is provided to sub-divide a door vertically.

Explanation:

The following are parts of Scaffolding:

1. Standards: The vertical members of the framework are called standards.
2. Ledgers: These are horizontal members which are parallel to the wall.
3. Braces: Diagonal members fixed on standards are called braces.
4. Putlogs: These are horizontal members which are perpendicular to the walls. One end of the putlog is supported by the wall and the other by the ledger.
5. Transoms: If both ends of putlogs are supported on ledgers, then they are called transoms.
6. Bridle: It is a member used to bridge an opening in a wall, which supports one end of the putlog at the opening.
7. Boarding: The planks on which workers stand.
8. Toe board: These boards are placed parallel to the boarding near the wall, to provide protection to the workers.
9. Guard rail: It is a railing provided at the height of 0.8 - 1.0 m from the working platform.
10. Base plate or sole plate: These are the plates on the ground supporting the standards for distributing the load on the ground.

figure: Scaffolding

Explanation:

Staircase:

• Stairs are a set of steps that give access from floor to floor.
• The room or enclosure of the building, in which stair is located is known as the staircase.
• A staircase provides access & communication between floors in multi-story buildings.

The following are the components of the staircase

Explanation:

Flat roof:

(i) Flat roofs are mainly used in plains, where there is low to moderate rainfall and temperature is high. This type of roof is generally horizontal but having a slope of not more than 10o to drain rainwater. It is also called a terraced roof.

(ii) The roof must slope in one direction or the other to cause rainwater to flow off rapidly and easily. 

(iii) The construction of the flat roof is the same as that of floors except that the top surface is made slightly sloping in the case of flat roofs.

Pitched and sloping roof:

(i) A sloping roof is known as a pitched roof. These are suitable in those areas where rainfall/ snowfall is very heavy.

Explanation:

Horns: It is the horizontal projection of the head or sill beyond the face of the frame. It facilitates the fixing of the frame on the wall opening and its length is about 100 to 150 mm.

Holdfasts: This is generally in the form of mild steel form bar. They are provided inside the frame and keep the frame in position.

Jambs: The vertical wall face of an opening that supports the frame of doors and windows.

Explanation:

Single scaffolding

• Single scaffolding is generally used for brick masonry and is also called as brick layer’s scaffolding.
• Single scaffolding consists of standards, ledgers, putlogs etc., which is parallel to the wall at a distance of about 1.2 m.
• Distance between the standards is about 2 to 2.5 m. Ledgers connect the standards at vertical interval of 1.2 to 1.5 m.
• Putlogs are taken out from the hole left in the wall to one end of the ledgers. Putlogs are placed at an interval of 1.2 to 1.5 m.

Steel scaffolding

• Steel scaffolding is constructed by steel tubes which are fixed together by steel couplers or fittings.
• It is very easy to construct or dismantle. It has greater strength, greater durability and higher fire resistance.
• It is not economical but will give more safety for workers. So, it is used extensively nowadays.

Trestle scaffolding 

• In Trestle scaffolding, the working platform is supported on movable tripods or ladders.
• This is generally used for work inside the room, such as paintings, repairs etc., up to a height of 5m.

Suspended scaffolding 

• In suspended scaffolding, the working platform is suspended from roofs with the help of wire ropes or chains etc., it can be raised or lowered to our required level.

• This type of scaffolding is used for repair works, pointing, paintings etc.

Additional Information The various types of scaffolding and its application are as follows:

Explanation:

Coping: 

• It is a course of stone placed upon the exposed top of an external wall to prevent the seepage of water.
• It is a Covering of stone or brick, placed on the top of an external wall or parapet, to prevent seepage of water through joints.

Cross-section of a superstructure are as follows:

Cornice:

• It is a horizontal moulded projection provided near the top of a building or at the junction of the wall and ceiling.

Corbel:

• The projecting stone which is provided to support the joist, truss or weather shed, etc.

The cavity size should be in between 40 to 100 mm. The internal and external leaves should have at least 10 mm thick.

∴ The most appropriate answer would be 50 mm.

Important Points:

Advantage of having cavity in external walls:

1. To give better thermal insulation. It is because of the space provided between two leaves of cavity walls is full of air and reduces heat transmission into the building from outside.

2. Moisture content in outer atmosphere is does not allowed to enter because of hollow space between leaves. So, prevent dampness.

3. They also act as good sound insulators.

Concept:

Components of an arch,

Rise of an arch: The clear vertical distance between the highest point on the intrados and the springing line is called as rise.

Depth or height of an arch: The perpendicular distance between the intrados of arch to the extrados of arch is called depth of an arch or height of an arch.

Thickness of an arch: This is the breadth of soffit which is measured perpendicular to the front and back faces of an arch.

Span of an arch: The clear horizontal distance between the supports or abutments or piers is termed as span of an arch.

Springing points: The imaginary points which are responsible for the springing of curve of an arch are called as springing joints.

Springing line: The imaginary line joining the springing points of either ends is called as springing line.