Personality: Perception-Attitudes-Emotions MCQ Quiz in বাংলা - Objective Question with Answer for Personality: Perception-Attitudes-Emotions - বিনামূল্যে ডাউনলোড করুন [PDF]

Important PointsGame Theory

• In order to address issues in economics, American economist Oskar Morgenstern and the American mathematician John von Neumann of Princeton University first created the game theory.
• Von Neumann and Morgenstern claimed that the mathematics created for the physical sciences, which depicts the operations of an impartial nature, was an inadequate model for economics in their book The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (1944). 
• Game theory is an area of applied mathematics that offers methods for examining scenarios where parties, or players, make interdependent decisions. Each player must consider the potential decisions or strategies of the other players because of their interdependence.
• Each player must consider the potential decisions or strategies of the other players because of their interdependence.
• A game's solution outlines the best choices made by the players, who may have conflicting, overlapping, or mixed interests, as well as the possible results of those choices.
• Even though it has been used to examine lawn games, game theory has far more varied uses.

Hence, it can be concluded that Game theory is the study of people making interdependent choices.

Group attitudes play a significant role in shaping social interactions, identity formation, and intergroup relationships.Key Points

• Out-group attitudes are marked by a sense of differences, as individuals perceive members of an out-group as distinct from their own group.
• These differences can be based on cultural, social, economic, or ideological factors, influencing perceptions and interactions.
• Out-group differentiation often leads to stereotypes, biases, and social distancing, affecting group dynamics.
• Research in social psychology suggests that people tend to view out-group members as less similar, less trustworthy, or even as competitors, which can sometimes contribute to discrimination or prejudice.

Hint

• Some degree of differences implies a milder distinction, but out-group attitudes are typically characterized by a clear sense of separation rather than minimal differences.
• Mutual interest is more associated with cooperation between groups, which does not define out-group attitudes.
• Conflicts can arise due to out-group distinctions, but they are an outcome rather than an inherent characteristic of out-group attitudes.

Hence, the correct answer is a sense of differences.

The correct answer is Can relax without guilt

Key Points The traits of Type A personality include:

• Time urgency: People with Type A personality are always in a hurry and feel like they are never on time. They are often impatient and have a lot of difficulty relaxing.
• Competitiveness: People with Type A personality are always striving to achieve and they are often very competitive. They may become easily frustrated if they are not the best at what they do.
• Workaholism: People with Type A personality often work long hours and they may have difficulty taking breaks or vacations. They may also have difficulty delegating tasks to others.
• Hostility: People with Type A personality may be easily angered and they may have a short temper. They may also be critical of others and they may be quick to judge.
• Impatience: People with Type A personality may have difficulty waiting for things and they may become easily frustrated if they have to wait in line or if something takes longer than they expected.
• The trait that is not a trait of Type A personality is flexibility. People with Type A personality are often rigid and inflexible. They may have difficulty adapting to change and they may have difficulty accepting things that they cannot control.

The correct answer is Statement I is true but Statement II is false.

Key Points The correct answer is Statement I is true, but Statement II is false.

The status of the person being perceived will greatly influence others' perception of the person. For example, a person who is perceived as being of high status will be more likely to be seen as competent, intelligent, and trustworthy. Conversely, a person who is perceived as being of low status will be more likely to be seen as incompetent, unintelligent, and untrustworthy.

The visible traits of the person perceived will also influence others' perception of the person. For example, a person who is perceived as being attractive will be more likely to be seen as likable, friendly, and approachable. Conversely, a person who is perceived as being unattractive will be more likely to be seen as unfriendly, unapproachable, and even threatening.

So, while the status of the person being perceived is an important factor in others' perception of the person, the visible traits of the person also play a role.

Additional Information Here are some additional points to consider:

• The status of the person being perceived can be influenced by a variety of factors, such as their job title, their level of education, their income, and their social class.
• The visible traits of the person being perceived can include their physical appearance, their clothing, their hairstyle, and their body language.
• The perception of a person is not always accurate. People often make snap judgments about others based on their status and visible traits, and these judgments can be biased.
• It is important to be aware of the factors that influence our perception of others so that we can make more informed judgments. 

The correct answer is The perceivers.

Key Points

Perception is the process through which we interpret and organize the received information so as to produce our conscious experience of objects and their relationship.

Perception has three primary components-

• The Perceiver
• The Target
• The Situation

Important Points

The Perceiver

• It refers to a person whose awareness is focused on the stimulus.
• There are many factors that may influence the perceptions of the perceiver. Such as- motivational state, emotional state, and past experience.
• Sometimes, the person only perceives what he wants to perceive, even though the stimulus acts on his or her senses.
• Two people see the same thing at the same time yet interpret it differently.
• The perceivers will see it depending on how they are focusing the target.​

The Target

• It includes the object of perception.
• The amount of information gathered by the sensory organs of the perceiver affects the interpretation and understanding about the target.

The Situation

•  The environmental factors, timing, and degree of stimulation affect the process of perception.
• These factors may render a single stimulus to be left as merely a stimulus, not a percept that is subject for brain interpretation.

Individuals are exposed to varieties of stimuli of the environment. They process these stimuli and interpret them. The process of receiving information and making sense is known as perception. 

•  It refers to the way the world sounds, looks, feels, smells, tastes to the individual.
• The individual’s behavior is determined to a large extent by the way the environment is perceived by him/her.

Key Points

The concept of perception is given by Max Wertheimer. In the early 20th century, three German psychologists Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler and Kurt Koffka proposed new principles for explaining perception called as Gestalt principle.

• According to these psychologists, the process of perception does not involve perceiving an array of stimuli as an object but it involves our tendency to seek a form or pattern in it. 

• ​Perception may be defined as the way a person sees the universe, he feels about certain elements in a situation.
• Perception is the stage in which an internal representation of an object is formed. This representation provides a working description of perceiver’s external environment.
• Perception involves synthesis of simple sensory features into percept of an object that can be recognized.

Thus, it is concluded that Wertheimer developed the concept of perception.

Hint

• Stanley Hall given the theory of adolescence.
• John B. Watson who played an important role in developing behaviorism.
• Edward C. Tolman propounded sign learning. 

The correct answer is Leon Festinger.

Key Points

• Festinger's theory proposes that inconsistency among beliefs or behaviours causes an uncomfortable psychological tension (i.e., cognitive dissonance), leading people to change one of the inconsistent elements to reduce the dissonance or to add consonant elements to restore consonance.
• Cognitive dissonance theory postulates that an underlying psychological tension is created when an individual's behaviour is inconsistent with his or her thoughts and beliefs. This underlying tension then motivates an individual to make an attitude change that would produce consistency between thoughts and behaviours.

• The principle that "Attitude follows behaviour" is associated with the theory of cognitive dissonance.

Additional Information

• There are four theoretic paradigms of cognitive dissonance, the mental stress people experienced when exposed to information that is inconsistent with their beliefs, ideals or values: Belief Disconfirmation, Induced Compliance, Free Choice, and Effort Justification.

• Cognitive dissonance is typically experienced as psychological stress when persons participate in an action that goes against one or more of those things.

Therefore, the correct answer is Leon Festinger.

The correct answer is Sigmund Freud.

Key Points The idea of three components within the human personality—Id, Ego, and Superego—was proposed by the Austrian neurologist and psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Freud developed a theory of personality known as psychoanalytic theory, which suggests that these three components interact to shape human behavior.

Here's a brief overview of each component:

Id:

The Id is the primitive and instinctual part of the personality. It operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of basic needs and desires without concern for consequences.
Ego:

The Ego is the rational and realistic part of the personality. It operates on the reality principle, balancing the demands of the Id and the constraints of the external world. The Ego seeks to satisfy the Id's desires in a socially acceptable way.
Superego:

The Superego represents the internalized moral standards and values of society. It acts as a moral guide, incorporating societal norms and expectations. The Superego aims for perfection and moral righteousness.
According to Freud, conflicts and tensions between these three components influence an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. The dynamic interplay among the Id, Ego, and Superego contributes to the complexity of human personality. Freud's psychoanalytic theory has had a significant impact on the field of psychology and has influenced subsequent theories of personality development.

The correct answer is Creative.

Key Points In the tricomponent attitude model, the three components are:

Cognitive Component:

This component involves the beliefs, thoughts, and information one has about an attitude object. It reflects the individual's knowledge and understanding of the object.
Affective Component:

This component deals with the emotional or feeling aspect of an attitude. It reflects the individual's emotional response or feelings toward the attitude object.
Conative Component:

This component involves the behavioral intentions or predispositions to act in a certain way toward the attitude object. It reflects the individual's inclination to take action based on their attitude.
Now, looking at the options provided:

Cognitive is relevant.
Affective is relevant.
Conative is relevant.
The term "creative" is not typically associated with the tricomponent attitude model. Therefore, "creative" is the term that appears to be irrelevant in this context. The correct term is likely intended to be "conative."

The correct answer is (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)

Key Points Big Five Personality Traits:

Openness to experience: This trait reflects a person's inclination towards creativity, curiosity, and openness to new ideas and experiences. Individuals high in openness tend to be imaginative, adventurous, and open-minded, while those low in openness may be more traditional and prefer routine.

Conscientiousness: Conscientiousness refers to the degree of organization, responsibility, and dependability a person demonstrates. Individuals high in conscientiousness tend to be disciplined, organized, and goal-oriented, while those low in conscientiousness may be more spontaneous and less focused on structure.

Extraversion: Extraversion is associated with sociability, assertiveness, and outgoingness. Individuals high in extraversion tend to be energetic, talkative, and seek social interaction, while those low in extraversion may be more introverted and prefer solitude or quieter environments.

Agreeableness: Agreeableness reflects a person's tendency to be compassionate, cooperative, and considerate of others. Individuals high in agreeableness are typically empathetic, nurturing, and friendly, while those low in agreeableness may be more skeptical and less concerned with maintaining harmonious relationships.

Neuroticism (or Emotional Stability): Neuroticism relates to emotional stability and the tendency to experience negative emotions such as anxiety, sadness, or anger. Individuals high in neuroticism may be more prone to worry and emotional instability, while those low in neuroticism tend to be more emotionally resilient and calm.

Hence, the correct matching is (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II).