Which of the following scenario explains the term 'skid' experienced by vehicles?

Expalantion:

For safe and comfortable driving, four key aspects of the pavement surface are important:

• Friction between the wheels and the pavement surface
• Unevenness of the road surface
• Light reflection characteristics of the pavement surface
• Drainage of water
• 1. Friction:
• Importance: Friction between the wheel and the pavement surface is crucial for the design of horizontal curves and safe operating speeds. It also significantly affects the acceleration and deceleration abilities of vehicles.
• Effects of Inadequate Friction:
• Skidding: Occurs when the path traveled along the road surface exceeds the circumferential movement of the wheels due to insufficient friction.
• Slipping: Happens when the wheel revolves more than the corresponding longitudinal movement along the road surface.
• 2. Unevenness:
• Unevenness Index: A measure of the road surface's vertical undulations recorded per unit horizontal length.
• Standards:
• Good: An unevenness index value of less than 1500 mm/km.
• Satisfactory: A value of less than 2500 mm/km, suitable for speeds up to 100 km/h.
• Uncomfortable: Values greater than 3200 mm/km, uncomfortable even at speeds as low as 55 km/h.
• 3. Light Reflection:
• White Roads:
• Advantages: Good visibility at night.
• Disadvantages: Can cause glare during the day.
• Black Roads:
• Advantages: No glare during the day.
• Disadvantages: Poor visibility at night.
• Concrete Roads:
• Advantages: Provide better visibility and less glare compared to other surfaces.
• Importance: The road surface must be visible at night, and the light reflection characteristics of the surface play a crucial role in this aspect.
• 4. Drainage:
• Impermeability: The pavement surface should be impermeable to prevent seepage of water into the pavement layers.
• Design: Both the geometry and texture of the pavement surface should facilitate quick drainage of water from the surface, reducing the risk of water accumulation.