Which of the following is a common internal fault in transformers?

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  1. High power factor leading to overheating
  2. Excessive cooling system efficiency
  3. Overvoltage due to lightning strikes
  4. Winding inter-turn short circuits

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 4 : Winding inter-turn short circuits
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The most common internal fault in transformers is winding inter-turn short circuits.

Winding inter-turn short circuits

An inter-turn short circuit in a transformer refers to a short between adjacent turns of a winding due to insulation failure. Unlike phase-to-phase or winding-to-core faults, these occur within the same winding, making them harder to detect early.

Causes of Inter-Turn Short Circuit in Transformers:

  • Insulation degradation due to thermal aging
  • Overvoltages / surges
  • Mechanical vibrations or shocks during transport or operation
  • Moisture ingress leading to partial discharge
  • Manufacturing defects
  • High inrush or fault currents causing turn displacement
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