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Which factor is primarily responsible for distortion in a transmitted signal?

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  1. External electromagnetic interference
  2. Signal attenuation
  3. Variations in the propagation speed of different frequencies
  4. Excessive bandwidth usage

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : Variations in the propagation speed of different frequencies
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Detailed Solution

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The primary factor responsible for distortion in a transmitted signal is: 3) Variations in the propagation speed of different frequencies
Explanation:
Distortion occurs when different frequency components of a signal travel at different speeds, altering the signal's shape. Here’s why the other options are less accurate:

  • 1) External electromagnetic interference → Causes noise (not distortion).
  • 2) Signal attenuation → Reduces signal strength but doesn’t distort its shape.
  • 4) Excessive bandwidth usage → May cause interference but isn’t a direct cause of distortion.

Key Point:
Frequency-dependent propagation speed (e.g., dispersion in optical fibers or group delay in RF systems) warps the signal waveform, leading to distortion.

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