A reversible reaction in which a charged ion in solution is exchanged for a similarly charged ion electrostatically attached to an immobile solid particle is termed as:

Explanation:

Ion exchange reaction:

• An ion exchange reaction is a chemical reaction in which the ions and cations of the reactants exchange their positions in the products.
• Or in other words, ion exchange is a chemical reaction in which free mobile ions of a solid, the ion exchanger, are exchanged for different ions of a similar charge in solution.

Example:

\(2K^++Ca^{2+}(soil)\leftrightarrow Ca^{2+}+2K^+(soil)\)

Additional Information

Nitrification:

Nitrification is the process by which ammonia is converted to nitrites (NO₂^-) and then nitrates (NO₃^-). This process naturally occurs in the environment, where it is carried out by specialized autotrophic bacteria.

\(NH_3+O_2\rightarrow NO_2^-+3H^++2e^-\)

\(NO_2^-+HO_2\rightarrow NO_3^-+2H^++2e^-\)

Carbonation:

• Carbonation is the chemical reaction of carbon dioxide to give carbonates, bicarbonates, and carbonic acid.
• An increase in the concentration of carbonate ions leads to saturation of the system with CaCO₃, followed by precipitation of CaCO₃ and other carbonates (such as Mg, and Na) at higher pH values.

Efflorescence:

• ​Efflorescence is a deposit of water-soluble salts formed due to the movement of water through pores on the surface of concrete and brick masonry. When water evaporates, dissolved salts are deposited on the surface, forming efflorescence.