Post-Independence MCQ Quiz in తెలుగు - Objective Question with Answer for Post-Independence - ముఫ్త్ [PDF] డౌన్‌లోడ్ కరెన్

The correct answer is: 'First Five Year Plan'

Key Points

• First Five Year Plan (1951-1956):
  • The Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC) was established under the First Five Year Plan.
  • This plan focused on the development of agriculture, irrigation, and power projects to stabilize and boost India's post-independence economy.
  • The DVC project aimed at flood control, irrigation, power generation, and improving the socio-economic conditions in the region.

Incorrect Options

• National Planning Committee:
  • Formed in 1938 by the Indian National Congress, it aimed to outline economic planning and development strategies for India.
  • However, it was not directly responsible for the initiation of the DVC project.
• Second Five Year Plan (1956-1961):
  • Focused more on industrialization and the establishment of heavy industries.
  • The DVC project was already underway by the time this plan was implemented.
• Third Five Year Plan (1961-1966):
  • Emphasized on achieving self-sufficiency in food production and further industrialization.
  • By this time, the DVC project was in its advanced stages of implementation.

Additional Information

• Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC):
  • Inspired by the Tennessee Valley Authority in the USA, DVC was established to manage the Damodar River basin in Eastern India.
  • It aimed at multipurpose river valley development including flood control, irrigation, power generation, and regional development.
• First Five Year Plan:
  • Launched by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, it focused on primary sector development, especially agriculture.
  • It also included large-scale projects like the Bhakra-Nangal Dam and the Hirakud Dam, alongside the DVC.

The correct answer is: '44th amendment.'

Key Points

• The 44th amendment to the Indian Constitution abolished the right to property as a fundamental right.
  • This amendment was enacted in 1978 during the Janata Party government.
  • The right to property was originally a fundamental right under Article 31, but the 44th amendment removed it from the list of fundamental rights, making it a legal right under Article 300A.
  • This change was made to facilitate land reform and to prevent the misuse of the right to property by wealthy individuals and entities.

Other Amendments

• 42nd amendment:
  • This amendment, enacted in 1976, is known as the "mini-Constitution" because it made extensive changes to the Constitution.
  • It attempted to reduce the power of the judiciary and increase the power of the Parliament and the executive.
  • It also added the words "Socialist," "Secular," and "Integrity" to the Preamble of the Constitution.
• 76th amendment:
  • This amendment was enacted in 1994 and relates to the reservation of seats in educational institutions in Tamil Nadu.
  • It placed the Tamil Nadu Reservation Act, 1994, in the Ninth Schedule to protect it from judicial review.
• 37th amendment:
  • This amendment was enacted in 1975 and it provided for the creation of the Legislative Assembly and Council of Ministers for the Union Territory of Arunachal Pradesh.

Hence, the 44th amendment abolished the right to property as a fundamental right, and the other options refer to different amendments with their own specific contexts and changes.

Additional Information

• Article 300A:
  • After the 44th amendment, the right to property is now a constitutional right under Article 300A.
  • This article states that "No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law," ensuring legal protection against arbitrary deprivation of property by the state.
• Significance of the 44th Amendment:
  • The amendment aimed at addressing socio-economic inequalities by enabling more effective land reforms.
  • By removing the right to property from the list of fundamental rights, it allowed the state to acquire land for public purposes with greater ease and to redistribute land to the landless or marginalized sections of society.

The correct answer is: 'B) It moved from isolationist policies to encouraging international trade and foreign investment.'

Key Points

• It moved from isolationist policies to encouraging international trade and foreign investment.
  • This statement is correct.
  • After independence, India followed a largely isolationist economic approach, focusing on self-sufficiency and protecting domestic industries through import substitution and limited foreign trade.
  • In the 1990s, however, India shifted to liberalization, opening up its economy to international trade and foreign investment to stimulate economic growth and integrate with the global economy.

Incorrect Statements

• It shifted from prioritizing private sector growth to a complete focus on state-controlled development.
  • This statement is incorrect.
  • India’s post-independence approach initially emphasized state-controlled development, while the 1990s liberalization policies reduced state control and increased the role of the private sector.
• It rejected both industrial and agricultural development in favor of service-based industries.
  • This statement is incorrect.
  • Although the services sector grew significantly post-liberalization, India did not reject industrial or agricultural development. Instead, it aimed to develop multiple sectors through market-driven policies and foreign investment.
• It emphasized rural development over industrialization.
  • This statement is incorrect.
  • The 1990s liberalization policies did not focus primarily on rural development; they encouraged industrial and service sector growth, often leading to urban-centric economic development.

Hence, Statement B is correct, and Statements A, C, and D are incorrect.

Additional Information

• Pre-1990s Economic Approach:
  • Focused on self-sufficiency, import substitution, and state-led industrialization.
  • Limited foreign investment and trade to protect domestic industries.
• 1990s Economic Reforms:
  • Shifted towards liberalization, with policies to encourage foreign direct investment (FDI) and reduce trade barriers.
  • Reduced the role of the state in favor of a market-driven economy with an emphasis on integrating into the global market.

The correct answer is: 'C) Economic growth alongside increased income inequality and regional disparities.'

Key Points

• Economic growth alongside increased income inequality and regional disparities.
  • This statement is correct.
  • While the liberalization policies of the 1990s led to significant economic growth and modernization, they also contributed to increased income inequality and regional disparities within India.
  • Wealthier regions and urban centers benefited more from the influx of investment and industrial growth, while rural and less developed areas saw slower progress, leading to economic imbalances.

Incorrect Statements

• Complete cessation of agricultural activities in rural India
  • This statement is incorrect.
  • Liberalization did not aim to or result in the complete cessation of agricultural activities in rural India. Agriculture continued to be a crucial sector, though it faced challenges from the increased focus on industrial and service sectors.
• Rapid elimination of all regional disparities in wealth
  • This statement is incorrect.
  • On the contrary, regional disparities often widened after liberalization, as certain areas and sectors grew faster than others due to varying levels of access to investment and infrastructure.
• Reduction in the role of the private sector in economic development
  • This statement is incorrect.
  • Liberalization policies increased the role of the private sector, reducing state control in favor of private enterprise and foreign investment to stimulate growth and development.

Hence, Statement C is correct, and Statements A, B, and D are incorrect.

Additional Information

• Positive Impacts of Liberalization:
  • Significant economic growth and increased foreign investment, leading to expansion in sectors such as technology, telecommunications, and manufacturing.
  • Rise in job opportunities and a boost in India’s global economic standing.
• Challenges of Liberalization:
  • Widening income inequality, as urban and developed regions benefitted more than rural and underdeveloped areas.
  • Socioeconomic challenges, as wealth and growth were not evenly distributed across all regions and social groups.

The correct answer is: 'B) Increased productivity in states like Punjab, but also widened economic inequalities.'

Key Points

• Increased productivity in states like Punjab, but also widened economic inequalities.
  • This statement is correct.
  • The Green Revolution led to substantial increases in agricultural productivity, especially in states like Punjab, Haryana, and parts of Uttar Pradesh, due to the adoption of high-yield crop varieties, chemical fertilizers, and irrigation.
  • However, this growth primarily benefited wealthier, large-scale farmers who could afford the necessary inputs, thus widening economic inequalities between large and small farmers, as well as between regions.

Incorrect Statements

• A complete resolution of rural poverty across all states
  • This statement is incorrect.
  • While the Green Revolution improved agricultural productivity and income in certain regions, it did not eradicate rural poverty across all states. Many small and marginal farmers, particularly in less-developed regions, continued to struggle economically.
• Rapid urbanization, leading to the decline of rural agricultural sectors
  • This statement is incorrect.
  • The Green Revolution primarily focused on boosting agricultural productivity in rural areas and did not directly lead to rapid urbanization or a decline in rural agriculture. Instead, it intensified agriculture in certain rural areas.
• Equal prosperity among all farmers, regardless of their economic background
  • This statement is incorrect.
  • The benefits of the Green Revolution were not equally distributed. Wealthier farmers and regions with better access to resources saw more significant gains, while smaller farmers and less-developed areas benefited less, leading to disparities.

Hence, Statement B is correct, and Statements A, C, and D are incorrect.

Additional Information

• Positive Outcomes of the Green Revolution:
  • It helped India achieve self-sufficiency in food grains, reducing dependency on food imports.
  • States like Punjab and Haryana saw remarkable agricultural growth, turning them into "grain bowls" of India.
• Negative Outcomes of the Green Revolution:
  • Increased regional and economic inequalities, as only certain regions and wealthier farmers could fully utilize the Green Revolution technologies.
  • Environmental issues such as soil degradation, water depletion, and overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

The correct answer is: 'B) To strengthen domestic production and reduce reliance on imported goods.'

Key Points

• To strengthen domestic production and reduce reliance on imported goods.
  • This statement is correct.
  • The primary goal of the Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) model, adopted by India after independence, was to reduce dependency on foreign imports by promoting domestic industries.
  • Through ISI, India aimed to produce essential goods within the country, especially in sectors like heavy industry, machinery, and manufacturing, which were critical for self-reliance and economic independence.
  • This approach involved protective tariffs, import restrictions, and state-led initiatives to support and develop the domestic industrial sector.

Incorrect Statements

• To create a dependency on foreign imports for essential goods
  • This statement is incorrect.
  • ISI aimed to reduce dependency on foreign imports, not create it. The model focused on building a self-sufficient economy by developing domestic industries to fulfill the demand for essential goods.
• To prioritize agricultural development over industrial growth
  • This statement is incorrect.
  • While agriculture remained important, the ISI model focused on industrial development, particularly in heavy industries, to strengthen the country's manufacturing base and reduce reliance on imports.
• To develop the private sector exclusively without state intervention
  • This statement is incorrect.
  • ISI involved significant state intervention, including public sector investment in industries and regulatory measures, to guide and protect domestic industrial development.
  • The state played a central role in the economy by establishing public sector enterprises in key industries and implementing policies to support local businesses.

Hence, Statement B is correct, and Statements A, C, and D are incorrect.

Additional Information

• Features of Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI):
  • ISI aimed to protect domestic industries from foreign competition through tariffs, import quotas, and subsidies.
  • The model emphasized state-led industrialization, with the government investing in key sectors such as steel, mining, machinery, and chemicals to build an independent industrial base.
• Impact of ISI on Indian Economy:
  • ISI helped India develop a foundation for industrial growth but also led to challenges like inefficiency in protected industries and limited foreign investment, eventually prompting economic reforms in the 1990s.

The correct answer is: 'The invasion of Kashmir by Pakistani tribal forces and the subsequent appeal for military assistance by the Maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh.'

Key Points

• The invasion of Kashmir by Pakistani tribal forces and the subsequent appeal for military assistance by the Maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh.
  • This event is correct.
  • In October 1947, tribal militias from Pakistan invaded the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, prompting Maharaja Hari Singh to seek military assistance from India.
  • In exchange for military support, Maharaja Hari Singh signed the Instrument of Accession on October 26, 1947, legally acceding Jammu and Kashmir to India.
  • This agreement allowed India to send its troops to repel the invasion and secure the region.
  • This event was the immediate and direct cause of Jammu and Kashmir's accession to India.

Incorrect Statements

• The signing of the Instrument of Accession by Maharaja Hari Singh, following the intervention of the United Nations.
  • This statement is incorrect.
  • The Instrument of Accession was signed before any intervention by the United Nations.
  • The UN became involved later, when India took the Kashmir issue to the United Nations Security Council in January 1948, after the accession had already taken place.
• The establishment of a plebiscite under the United Nations' supervision, as demanded by Pakistan.
  • This statement is incorrect.
  • While a plebiscite was indeed proposed by the United Nations, it never took place.
  • The accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India was not directly caused by a UN-supervised plebiscite.
• The incorporation of Kashmir into India through a military annexation after the Indian government's diplomatic intervention in the region.
  • This statement is incorrect.
  • The accession of Jammu and Kashmir was not a result of military annexation by India.
  • It followed the legal process through the signing of the Instrument of Accession by Maharaja Hari Singh, which was a voluntary act in response to the invasion by Pakistani tribal forces.

Hence, the correct answer is: The invasion of Kashmir by Pakistani tribal forces and the subsequent appeal for military assistance by the Maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh.

Additional Information

• Instrument of Accession:
  • The Instrument of Accession was a legal document executed by Maharaja Hari Singh, the ruler of Jammu and Kashmir, on October 26, 1947.
  • By signing this document, Maharaja Hari Singh agreed to accede to the Dominion of India, allowing India to take charge of the state's defense, communications, and foreign affairs.
• Indian Intervention in Kashmir:
  • Following the signing of the Instrument of Accession, India airlifted troops to Srinagar to defend the region against the invading forces.
  • This military intervention was critical in pushing back the tribal militias and securing the Kashmir Valley.
• UN Involvement:
  • India referred the Kashmir conflict to the United Nations Security Council in January 1948, seeking international intervention to resolve the dispute.
  • UN mediation efforts included calls for a ceasefire and proposals for a plebiscite to determine the future of Jammu and Kashmir, although these plans were never fully implemented.

The correct answer is: '(a) 1, 2, and 4 only'.

Key Points

• Statement 1: The States Reorganization Act of 1956 was primarily based on linguistic lines, following the recommendations of the States Reorganization Commission.
  • This statement is correct.
  • The States Reorganization Act of 1956 reorganized Indian states on linguistic lines, following the recommendations of the States Reorganization Commission.
  • This move aimed to create states that were linguistically and culturally cohesive, promoting administrative convenience and unity.
• Statement 2: Nehru initially opposed linguistic reorganization, fearing it might lead to divisive regionalism.
  • This statement is correct.
  • Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru initially resisted the idea of reorganization based solely on language, fearing it might foster regionalism and divide the nation.
  • However, increasing public demand and political pressures led him to eventually support the reorganization.
• Statement 3: The reorganization successfully eliminated regionalism, strengthening Indian national unity.
  • This statement is incorrect.
  • While the reorganization helped address linguistic and cultural demands, it did not entirely eliminate regionalism.
  • Issues of regional identity and demands for further state reorganization continued to arise in subsequent years, indicating that regionalism remained a challenge.
• Statement 4: Andhra Pradesh was the first state to be created on a linguistic basis, setting a precedent for others.
  • This statement is correct.
  • Andhra Pradesh was indeed the first state created on a linguistic basis in 1953, following a prolonged agitation by Telugu-speaking people, which set a precedent for the linguistic reorganization of other states in 1956.

Hence, the correct answer is (a) 1, 2, and 4 only.

Additional Information

• States Reorganization Act (1956):
  • The Act was a landmark in the reorganization of states along linguistic lines.
  • The States Reorganization Commission, led by Fazal Ali, recommended restructuring based on language and cultural coherence, which led to the creation of states that were linguistically uniform.
• Andhra Pradesh Formation (1953):
  • Andhra Pradesh was formed as the first linguistic state in 1953 after the death of Potti Sriramulu, who fasted to demand a separate state for Telugu speakers.
  • This success spurred demands from other linguistic groups for similar reorganization.
• Impact on Regionalism:
  • Although linguistic reorganization helped to address regional aspirations, it did not eliminate regionalism.
  • The reorganization did provide a temporary solution, but issues of regional identity and demands for new states, based on cultural, economic, and political factors, persisted in later years.

The correct answer is: '(c) 2 and 4 only'.

Key Points

• Statement 1: It emphasized rapid industrialization by focusing on heavy industry and large-scale infrastructure projects.
  • This statement is incorrect.
  • The First Five-Year Plan, launched in 1951, focused primarily on agriculture, irrigation, and rural development rather than heavy industry.
  • This was because India was facing food scarcity and needed to ensure food security before undertaking large-scale industrialization.
• Statement 2: Agriculture and community development were key areas due to the need for food security and rural upliftment.
  • This statement is correct.
  • Given the immediate need for food security and rural development, the First Plan prioritized agriculture and community development programs.
  • Projects aimed at increasing food production, improving irrigation, and supporting rural economies were central to this plan.
• Statement 3: The Plan succeeded in achieving its objectives and was followed by an increased focus on heavy industry in the Second Plan.
  • This statement is partially correct, but it does not fully describe the First Plan’s outcome.
  • While the First Plan was largely successful in achieving agricultural and food security objectives, the increased focus on heavy industry actually came with the Second Five-Year Plan, which followed the First Plan’s emphasis on agriculture.
• Statement 4: Foreign assistance played a crucial role in supporting projects under the First Plan.
  • This statement is correct.
  • India did rely on foreign assistance, including aid and loans, to support projects under the First Five-Year Plan, particularly in areas like irrigation, dams, and rural infrastructure.

Hence, the correct answer is (c) 2 and 4 only.

Additional Information

• First Five-Year Plan (1951-1956):
  • The First Plan focused on stabilizing agriculture and increasing food production, aiming for self-sufficiency in food grains and improving rural livelihoods through community development initiatives.
  • The success of this plan in stabilizing food production set the foundation for India’s subsequent focus on industrialization in the Second Five-Year Plan.
• Foreign Assistance:
  • Foreign assistance was essential for the First Plan, particularly in building infrastructure projects such as the Bhakra Nangal Dam, which contributed to the success of the agricultural sector.

The correct answer is: '(c) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4'.

Key Points

• A. Industrial Policy Resolution – Increasing production of consumer goods for export (3)
  • The Industrial Policy Resolutions, especially the one in 1956, focused on establishing a mixed economy where both public and private sectors would function, with a significant emphasis on consumer goods production to reduce imports and improve exports.
• B. Green Revolution – Strengthening agricultural self-sufficiency (2)
  • The Green Revolution in India, introduced in the 1960s, aimed at achieving self-sufficiency in food grains by using high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers, and irrigation, significantly boosting agricultural productivity.
• C. Community Development Program – Reducing regional inequalities through decentralized planning (1)
  • The Community Development Program, launched in 1952, aimed at rural development through decentralized planning and self-help initiatives to address regional disparities and promote balanced economic growth across the country.
• D. Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) – Controlling foreign investment and regulating external financial transactions (4)
  • FERA, enacted in 1973, aimed at regulating foreign exchange and restricting foreign ownership in Indian companies. This act was intended to protect the Indian economy by limiting external control over domestic enterprises and regulating financial transactions with foreign countries.

Hence, the correct matches are (a) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4.

Additional Information

• Industrial Policy Resolution:
  • The 1956 Industrial Policy Resolution aimed at creating a balanced industrial structure with emphasis on consumer goods production, which could support India’s domestic and export needs while reducing dependence on imports.
• Green Revolution:
  • The Green Revolution was launched to address food shortages and reliance on imported grains. It was highly successful in increasing agricultural output, particularly in states like Punjab and Haryana, and made India self-sufficient in food production.
• Community Development Program:
  • Launched to promote rural development, this program focused on empowering local communities through self-help and decentralized planning to bridge the urban-rural divide and reduce regional disparities.
• Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA):
  • FERA was implemented to regulate foreign exchange, limit foreign equity in Indian companies, and ensure that foreign investment aligned with India’s economic priorities. It was later replaced by the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) in 1999.