Language: Basic Concepts, Theories and Pedagogy MCQ Quiz in తెలుగు - Objective Question with Answer for Language: Basic Concepts, Theories and Pedagogy - ముఫ్త్ [PDF] డౌన్‌లోడ్ కరెన్

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• Epilinguistic restructuring in the context of Creole development refers to the process by which native speakers reorganize the syntactic and morphological components of the language.
• This restructuring is a fundamental part of how Creole languages evolve and stabilize over generations.
• It involves the native speakers' natural linguistic intuition and cognitive processes to streamline and regularize language structures.
• This phenomenon is distinct from the simplification processes observed in second language learners or other forms of linguistic change such as lexical borrowing.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Additional Information

• Option 1: Simplification of phonetics in second language learners refers to the phonetic adjustments non-native speakers make, which is not the same as epilinguistic restructuring by native speakers.
• Option 3: Reversion to proto-language structures in isolated communities implies a return to ancient language forms, which is not the case in Creole development.
• Option 4: Lexical borrowing without morphological adaptation refers to the incorporation of words from one language into another without altering their structure, which differs from the syntactic and morphological reorganization involved in epilinguistic restructuring.

The correct answer is Government and Binding Theory.

Key Points

• Government and Binding Theory, developed by Noam Chomsky in the 1980s, is a theory of syntax and phrase structure grammar that accounts for the syntactic structures of languages.
• Pidgin syntax often reveals underlying structures that align with the principles of Government and Binding Theory, particularly in how they manage syntactic constraints.
• The theory posits that languages share a common underlying structure, which makes it applicable in analyzing the syntactic elements of Pidgins.
• Pidgins, despite being simplified languages, tend to retain certain fundamental syntactic properties that are best explained through the lens of Government and Binding Theory.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Additional Information

• Universal Constraints Hypothesis: Suggests that all human languages are subject to a set of universal constraints, but it does not specifically address the syntactic structures of Pidgins.
• Minimalist Program Principles: A more recent theoretical framework by Chomsky focusing on the economy of derivation and representation, but not specifically aligned with Pidgin syntax analysis.
• Generative Semantics: An approach that focuses on the relationship between syntax and semantics, but it is not as directly applicable to the syntactic constraints observed in Pidgins as Government and Binding Theory is.

The correct answer is Option 2.

Key Points

• The socio-cognitive approach to code-switching challenges the purely structural view by incorporating psycho-social factors and interlocutor-specific strategies.
• This approach considers the social and cognitive aspects of language use among bilingual individuals.
• It emphasizes how speakers use code-switching as a communicative tool influenced by social contexts, interactions, and relationships.
• By focusing on these factors, this approach provides a more comprehensive understanding of bilingual communication.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

Additional Information

• Option 1: Historical derivation patterns and semantic fields are more related to the etymological and semantic analysis of language.
• Option 3: Orthographic variance and phoneme substitution pertain to written and spoken language differences, not specifically to code-switching.
• Option 4: Regional dialectal differences in monolingual speakers focus on variations within a single language rather than bilingual language use.

The correct answer is Matrix Language Frame Model.

Key Points

• The Matrix Language Frame Model is a theoretical model developed by linguist Carol Myers-Scotton to explain the structural constraints involved in code-mixing and code-switching.
• It posits that in code-mixed sentences, one language provides the grammatical structure (the matrix language), while the other language provides the embedded content (the embedded language).
• This model helps in understanding how speakers can mix morphemes from multiple language systems while maintaining syntactic and grammatical coherence.
• Polysynthetic languages, which are characterized by complex word structures that incorporate multiple morphemes, present a unique challenge for this model, as they integrate elements from different languages within single words.
• The model is significant in the study of bilingualism and multilingualism, as it provides a framework for analyzing how different language systems interact within a speaker's utterances.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

Additional Information

• Syntactic Parity Theory: This theory deals with the syntactic equivalence between different languages but does not specifically address code-mixing in polysynthetic languages.
• Morphosyntactic Convergence: This refers to the process by which languages in contact become more similar in their morphosyntactic structures, but it does not provide a specific framework for code-mixing.
• Pragmatic Morphology: This is a field that studies the interaction between morphology and pragmatics, focusing on the use of morphological markers in context, but it does not specifically address code-mixing in polysynthetic languages.

The correct answer is Functional Diglossia.

Key Points

• Functional Diglossia refers to a sociolinguistic phenomenon where two or more languages or dialects are used in a society, each with a distinct role or function, and are kept separate without blending.
• This separation often entails one language being used in formal, official, or high-prestige contexts, while another is used in informal, everyday, or low-prestige settings.
• This phenomenon is typically observed in multilingual societies where language use is highly structured and regulated.
• Functional Diglossia helps maintain linguistic diversity and serves to fulfill different societal needs without blending the languages.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

Additional Information

• Acrolectal Bias: This term refers to a preference for or bias toward the most prestigious dialect or variety of a language, known as the acrolect.
• Strict Code Differentiation: This concept involves clear and distinct separation between different languages or codes used in a bilingual or multilingual context.
• Dualistic Bilingualism: This term describes a type of bilingualism where two languages are used, but not necessarily with functional separation as seen in diglossia.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• The concept of "unmarked choice" in the Markedness Model proposed by Myers-Scotton refers to the use of a language variety that is perceived as normatively appropriate for a given context.
• In bilingual discourse, an unmarked choice is the language that speakers use because it aligns with the expectations and norms of the social situation they are in.
• Marked choices, on the other hand, involve using a language variety that deviates from these norms and can serve to signal a different identity or convey a specific message.
• Understanding unmarked and marked choices helps in analyzing how bilingual speakers navigate different social contexts and the motivations behind their language use.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

Additional Information

• Option 2: Consciously shifting to an atypical language to signal identity is an example of a marked choice, not an unmarked choice.
• Option 3: The intermittent insertion of foreign lexemes without syntactic adjustment is more related to code-mixing than code-switching.
• Option 4: Usage of a pidgin or creole that is not recognized by the majority might be a marked choice depending on the context and social norms.

The correct answer is Creole Continuum.

Key Points

• The Creole Continuum is a linguistic theory that explains the range of language varieties that exist between a creole and the standard form of a language (the acrolect).
• It describes a spectrum of speech varieties from the most basilectal (closest to the original creole) to the most acrolectal (closest to the standard language).
• This concept is crucial for understanding how language evolves and changes within a community, especially in post-colonial settings where multiple language influences are present.
• The continuum is dynamic and reflects the socio-economic, cultural, and political influences on language use.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

Additional Information

• Diglossia Model: Refers to a situation where two dialects or languages are used by a single language community in different social contexts.
• Gradience Principle: Generally refers to the concept that linguistic phenomena are not always discrete but can be gradual.
• Sociophonetic Spectrum: Studies the interaction between social factors and phonetic variation in speech.

The correct answer is Agglutination.

Key Points

• Agglutination refers to the process of adding affixes to a base word to convey various grammatical functions.
• This process results in complex word formations, which can include multiple suffixes or prefixes attached to a single root word.
• In the context of creole languages, agglutination demonstrates a high degree of inflectional morphology, which contrasts with the traditional view of creole simplicity.
• Creole languages are often thought to have simpler grammatical structures, but instances of agglutination show that they can develop complex morphological traits.
• Agglutination is a common feature in many languages around the world, including Turkish, Japanese, and Finnish, which are known for their rich morphological systems.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 4.

Additional Information

• Apostatic Development: This term is not commonly associated with the study of language features and does not fit the context of the question.
• Hypercreolization: This concept refers to the process by which creole languages develop further complexity, but it is not specifically related to inflectional morphology.
• Grammatical Compounding: This involves the combination of two or more words to create a new word with a specific meaning, but it does not describe the inflectional complexity in creoles.

The correct answer is Spontaneous grammatical structuring independent of external influence.

Key Points

• The Language Bioprogram Hypothesis (LBH) suggests that the innate linguistic capabilities of children play a crucial role in the development of Creole languages.
• According to LBH, children exposed to a pidgin language, which is a simplified form of speech used for communication between speakers of different languages, will spontaneously create a more complex and stable grammatical structure.
• This process occurs independently of the linguistic input from adults, indicating the presence of an inherent grammatical framework within the minds of children.
• The hypothesis was proposed by linguist Derek Bickerton in the 1980s and has been influential in studies of language acquisition and Creole linguistics.
• Creole languages often emerge in multilingual environments where children innovate grammatical rules that are not present in the pidgin input, supporting the idea of an innate linguistic capability.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 3.

Additional Information

• Phonological adaptation from adult models: This involves children learning the sounds of a language from adult speakers, but it does not explain the spontaneous creation of grammar.
• Transfer of substrate lexical items: This refers to the incorporation of vocabulary from native languages (substrates) into a Creole, which is part of the language's development but not the focus of LBH.
• Mimetic borrowing of superstrate syntax: This involves borrowing grammatical structures from a dominant language (superstrate), which is contrary to the LBH that emphasizes independent grammatical development.

The correct answer is Option 1.

Key Points

• Decreolization refers to the sociolinguistic process where a Creole language gradually adopts features of a dominant language, often the superstrate language, due to social pressures and the influence of the dominant language community.
• This process leads to the gradual replacement of Creole structures with elements from the superstrate language, resulting in a language that resembles the superstrate language more closely over time.
• Decreolization is often driven by factors such as social mobility, economic opportunities, and the desire for speakers to align themselves with the prestige language.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 1.

Additional Information

• Creole languages often emerge in multilingual environments where speakers of different languages come into contact and need to communicate, leading to the creation of a new, stable language system.
• The superstrate language typically refers to the language of the socially or economically dominant group in a contact situation.
• Decreolization is distinct from language death or complete language shift, as it involves gradual changes within the Creole language rather than its total abandonment.