Metric Studies in LIS MCQ Quiz in தமிழ் - Objective Question with Answer for Metric Studies in LIS - இலவச PDF ஐப் பதிவிறக்கவும்

The Correct answer is A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I.

Key Points

• Bibliometrics-.
  • It is the study of the use of documents and patterns of publications in which mathematical and statistical methods have been applied".
  • The term bibliometrics is widely attributed to Alan Pritchard from his 1969 paper titled “Statistical Bibliography or Bibliometrics” 
  • ​Pritchard defined bibliometrics as "The application of mathematical methods to books, and other media of communication"
  • Bibliometrics is closely associated with scientometrics, which is the analysis of scientific metrics and indicators.
  • Bibliometrics studies include studies of the growth of the literature in some subject, how much literature is contributed by various individuals, groups, or organisations or countries; how much exists in various languages; how the literature on some subject is scattered (e.g., over documentary types, language journals); and how quickly the literature on some subject becomes out-of-date (Studies of obsolescence). 
• H-index:​
  • The H-index was created by Jorge E. Hirsch, a physicist at the University of California, San Diego.
  • It was first introduced in a paper titled "An Index to Quantify an Individual's scientific research output".
  • This paper was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) in 2005.
  • The H-index aims to measure both the productivity and citation impact of the publications of a scientist or scholar.
  • The H-index is defined as the maximum value of h such that the given author has published h papers that have each been cited at least h times.
  • This metric has become a standard tool in bibliometrics and is widely used in academic and research institutions.
• Webometrics:​
  • The term 'webometrics' was coined by Thomas Almind and Peter Ingwersen in 1997.
  • Webometrics refers to the quantitative analysis of the web, including the number and types of hyperlinks, structure of the web, and usage patterns.
  • It is used to measure the impact, visibility, and influence of websites, particularly in the academic and research sectors.
  • The field of webometrics is closely related to bibliometrics and scientometrics.
  • Webometrics indicators are often used to rank universities and research institutions based on their online presence and impact.
• Scientometrics:
  • ​The term "Scientometrics" was introduced by Vasily Nalimov and Zinaida Mul'chenko in their 1969 book Naukometriya: The Study of the Development of Science as an Information Process.
  • The Russian term Naukometriya became known in the West as "Scientometrics.
  • "Scientometrics" refers to the study of all aspects of science and technology literature. The journal Scientometrics, founded in Hungary in 1978 by Tiber Braun, further popularized the term.

The Correct answer is ​It protects from the charges of plagiarism.

Key Points

• Referencing in research involves citing sources using a specific style guide, creating a reference list with publication years and page numbers, and applying proper capitalization.
• This ensures credibility and allows information to be verified.
• Proper and accurate references in research writings offer several benefits beyond protecting from charges of plagiarism. 
  • It protects from the charges of plagiarism: This is the primary and most critical reason for proper referencing.
  • It ensures that the original authors are credited for their work, which upholds academic integrity and avoids the unethical practice of presenting someone else’s work as one’s own.
  • Credibility and Reliability:
  • Verification and Validation:
  • Acknowledgment of Prior Work
  • Research Continuity
  • Avoiding Redundancy
  • Enhanced Understanding
  • Ethical Writing
  • Academic Reputation

The Correct answer is Activity Index.

Key Points

• The Activity Index measures the relative research effort a nation or institution devotes to a given subject field.
• This indicator helps in understanding how much focus or resources are being allocated to particular research domains.
• It is useful for policy makers, funding agencies, and academic institutions to identify strengths and weaknesses in research activities.
• The Activity Index is calculated by comparing the share of a particular subject field in the total research output of an entity to the global share of that subject field.
• A higher Activity Index indicates a higher level of specialization or focus in that subject field.

 Additional Information

• Impact Factor
  • The Impact Factor measures the average number of citations received per paper published in a journal during the preceding two years.
  • It is commonly used to gauge the importance or rank of a journal in its field.
• Normalized Impact Factor
  • The Normalized Impact Factor adjusts the Impact Factor for differences in citation practices among different fields of research.
  • This makes it easier to compare the impact of journals across different fields.
• Relative Citation Impact
  • The Relative Citation Impact measures the citation impact of a researcher's publications compared to the world average in the same field.
  • It helps in assessing the quality and influence of a researcher's work.

The correct answer is C, E, B, A, D.

Key Points

• Librametry (C) was coined in the year 1948 by S. R. Ranganathan, an Indian librarian and mathematician, to describe the measurement of various library activities.
• Bibliometrics (E) was coined in the year 1969 by Alan Pritchard. It involves the statistical analysis of books, articles, or other publications.
• Infometrics (B) was coined in the early 1979 and involves the study of quantitative aspects of information.
• Webometrics (A) was coined in the late 1997 and focuses on the study of the quantitative aspects of the World Wide Web.
• Altmetrics (D) was coined in the year 2010 and refers to alternative metrics, including social media and other online platforms, to measure the impact of scholarly articles.

 Additional Information

• Librametry
  • Coined by S. R. Ranganathan in 1948.
  • It is the study and measurement of various aspects of library activities.
  • Focuses on improving library management and services.
• Bibliometrics
  • Coined by Alan Pritchard in 1969.
  • Involves the statistical analysis of written publications.
  • Used to assess the impact and quality of research work.
• Infometrics
  • The term 'informetrics' was first introduced by German scholar Otto Nacke in 1979 and gained recognition within the international information community in 1987.
  • It was officially acknowledged at the First International Conference on Bibliometrics and Theoretical Aspects of Information Retrieval in 1988 when bibliometrics and scientometrics were suggested to be included in the informetrics field.
• Webometrics:
  • Webometrics is the quantitative study of web-related phenomena (Thelwall, Vaughan & Björneborn, 2005).
  • According to Björneborn & Ingwersen (2004), the definition of webometrics is "the study of the quantitative aspects of the construction and use of information resources, structures and technologies on the Web drawing on bibliometric and informetric approaches." 
  • Mike Thelwall says webometrics is “the study of web-based content with primarily quantitative methods for social science research goals using techniques that are not specific to one field of study".
  • “The term Webometrics was first coined by Almind and Ingwersen) 1997)
• Altmetrics
  • Altmetrics are metrics and qualitative data that are complementary to traditional, citation-based metrics.
  • They can include citations in public policy documents, discussions on research blogs, mainstream media coverage, bookmarks on reference managers like Mendeley, and mentions on social networks such as Twitter. 
  • Altmetrics is a term coined by Jason Priem, an information scientist, in 2010.

The Correct answer is A - IV, B - III, C - I, D - II

Key PointsScientometrics:

• Scientometrics, coined by Vassily V. Nalimov and Z. M. Mulchenko in 1969, is derived from the Russian term 'naukometriya.'
• It encompasses the quantitative study of science as a discipline or economic activity, extending beyond bibliometrics.
• It focuses on the quantitative analysis of scientific activities, such as publication patterns, and informs science policy-making.
• This field, a subset of the sociology of science, overlaps with bibliometrics but has a broader scope.

Informetrics:

• Informetrics, originating from the German term 'informetrie', is a discipline focused on studying the quantitative aspects of information.
• It has evolved from traditional bibliometrics and scientometrics, utilizing methods from mathematics and statistics to explore various phenomena related to information management and science and technology evaluation. Informetrics encompasses the production, dissemination, and utilization of information across diverse fields such as scientometrics, webometrics, bibliometrics, and cybermetrics.
• The term 'informetrics' was first introduced by German scholar Otto Nacke in 1979 and gained recognition within the international information community in 1987.

Webometric:

• The term 'webometrics' was coined by Thomas Almind and Peter Ingwersen in 1997.
• Webometrics refers to the quantitative analysis of the web, including the number and types of hyperlinks, structure of the web, and usage patterns.
• It is used to measure the impact, visibility, and influence of websites, particularly in the academic and research sectors.
• The field of webometrics is closely related to bibliometrics and scientometrics.
• Webometrics indicators are often used to rank universities and research institutions based on their online presence and impact.

Almetrics:

• Altmetrics are metrics and qualitative data that are complementary to traditional, citation-based metrics.
• They can include citations in public policy documents, discussions on research blogs, mainstream media coverage, bookmarks on reference managers like Mendeley, and mentions on social networks such as Twitter. 
• Altmetrics is a term coined by Jason Priem, an information scientist, in 2010.

The Correct answer is 2011.

Key Points

• The i10-index was created by Google Scholar in the year 2011.
• The i10-index is a metric for measuring the impact and productivity of a scholar's publications.
• It counts the number of publications with at least ten citations.
• This index is used widely by researchers and academics to gauge their influence in their respective fields.
• It is a part of the tools provided by Google Scholar to help scholars track citations to their articles.

 Additional Information

The Correct answer is Productivity of authors in terms of scientific papers.

Key Points

• Lotka's Law deals with the productivity of authors in terms of scientific papers.
• It is a mathematical principle that describes the distribution of productivity among authors, suggesting that a small proportion of authors produce the majority of scientific papers, while the majority of authors produce only a few papers.
• ​Lotka's Law, named after Alfred J. Lotka, is associated with scientific productivity and is a specific application of Zipf's Law.
• This law characterizes the frequency of publication by authors within a particular field.
• It observes that as the number of articles published increases, authors who produce that many publications become less frequent.
• The general formula for Lotka's Law is expressed as XnY = C= C, where X represents the number of publications, and Y represents the relative frequency of authors with X publications.

Additional Information

• Bradford's Law:
  • Bradford's Law, formulated by Samuel C. Bradford in 1934, describes the diminishing returns when searching for scientific journal references.
  • According to one version of the law, if you group journals in a field into three segments, each containing roughly one-third of all articles, the number of journals in each segment follows a proportional pattern of 1:n:n².
  • It is also called the Law of scattering as it describes how the articles on a particular subject are scattered throughout the mass of periodicals.​
• Zipf's Law:
  • ​Zipf's Law, observed across various data types in the physical and social sciences, describes an inverse relationship in rank-frequency distribution.
  • It is expressed by the equation Rank x Frequency = constant.
  • Initially formulated in the context of quantitative linguistics, Zipf's Law states that the frequency of any word is inversely proportional to its rank in the frequency table.
  • This law is named after the American linguist George Kingsley Zipf and shares conceptual similarities with Benford's law, although their distributions are not identical.
• Garfield's Law of Concentration:
  • Garfield's Law of Concentration, articulated by Eugene Garfield in 1971, posits that a fundamental concentration of journals serves as the shared core across all fields.​
  • It extends Bradford's law from a single discipline to multiple disciplines.

The Correct answer is A, B, and D

Key Points

•  Google Scholar:
  • Google Scholar, introduced by Google in November 2004, is a free search engine focusing on scholarly literature, encompassing articles, theses, books, conference papers, and various documents.
  • It employs a web crawler to identify files for inclusion in search results.
  • Collections from libraries, including the University of Michigan Library, scanned for Google Books and Google Scholar, have been utilized to create the HathiTrust Digital Library.
  • The inception of Google Scholar originated from a conversation between Alex Verstak and Anurag Acharya.
  • Google Scholar Metrics provides a way to gauge the influence of scholarly publications.
  • It calculates the h-index and the h-median for scholarly journals, providing a measure of their impact.
  • Google Scholar assists authors by providing tools to track citations of their work, and it allows them to create a public author profile.
  • In 2007, Google Scholar initiated a program to digitize and host journal articles in collaboration with publishers.
  • In 2011, Google removed Scholar from its search page toolbars, impacting accessibility.
  • In 2012, a significant enhancement allowed individual scholars to create personal "Scholar Citations profiles."
• Web of Science:
  • ​Web of Science is a comprehensive research database that includes a citation index.
  • It is widely used for bibliometric analysis and assessing the impact of scholarly publications.
  • The Journal Citation Reports (JCR) within Web of Science is a tool that provides the Impact Factor for journals.
  • It calculates the average number of citations received by articles published in a particular journal over a specific period.
  • The Impact Factor is a measure of the journal's influence and importance within its field.
  • Journals with higher Impact Factors are generally considered more prestigious.
• Science Direct:
  • ​ScienceDirect is an online full-text database offering access to an extensive bibliographic collection of scientific and medical publications.
  • Introduced by Elsevier in March 1997, the database categorizes journals into four primary sections, encompassing Physical Sciences and Engineering, Life Sciences, Health Sciences, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
  • While ScienceDirect provides free article abstracts, access to full-text content is available on a subscription basis.
• SCOPUS:
  • ​SCOPUS is another major abstract and citation database that covers a wide range of disciplines.
  • It provides citation analysis and metrics for journals, articles, and authors.
  • SCOPUS calculates the CiteScore, which is a similar metric to the Impact Factor.
  • It considers the average number of citations received per document over three years.
  • Additionally, SCOPUS offers other metrics, such as the SJR (SCImago Journal Rank), which takes into account both the number of citations received by a journal and the prestige of the citing journals.​

The Correct answer is the Final Chapter.

Key Points

• An epilogue, derived from the Greek words "epílogos" meaning "conclusion," is a literary device found at the end of a work of literature.
• It serves to provide closure to the narrative and is presented from the perspective within the story itself.
• If the author directly addresses the reader, it is more accurately termed an afterword, contrasting with a prologue, which appears at the beginning of a literary work to set the stage and capture interest.
• The word "epilogue" dates back to the 15th century and was first employed as a concluding section in literary works.
• The Middle English and Middle French terms for epilogue were similar, while in Latin, "epilogus" from Greek "epilogos" was utilized.

Additional Information

• A prologue functions as an initial section, offering an introduction to a literary work, play, or musical piece, setting the foundation for the primary action, and supplying contextual information.
• An interlude, on the other hand, serves as a brief pause or intervening period within a literary work, providing a hiatus in the primary narrative or introducing an alternate perspective or subplot.
• A prelude can either refer to an introductory piece of music or denote an event or action that serves as a preliminary to something else. In the context of music, it sets the tone for the composition.

The Correct answer is Google Scholar.

Key Points

• ​i10-Index:
  • ​The i10-Index, developed by Google Scholar and employed in Google's My Citations feature, is a straightforward metric.
  • It denotes the number of an author's publications that have garnered at least 10 citations each.
  • This uncomplicated measure, exclusive to Google Scholar, offers a quick assessment of a scholar's productivity.
  • i10-Index = the number of publications with at least 10 citations.

​ Additional Information

• H-Index:​
  • The h- h-index was suggested in 2005 by Jorge E. Hirsch, a  physicist as a tool for assessing relative quality.
  • The h-index is an index that attempts to measure a scientist's scientific productivity and apparent scientific impact.​
• m-index:
  • ​It is a variation of the h-index that considers the time since an author's first publication.
  • It accounts for an author's productivity and impact relative to their career length.
• Individual h-index:
  • ​This normalized h-index considers the number of authors for each publication to provide a more equitable comparison between researchers in different fields.
• g-index:
  • This metric identifies the largest number of highly cited papers for an author, considering the cumulative number of citations received by these top papers.
• e-index:
  • ​It complements the h-index by accounting for surplus citations beyond the h-index, offering a more nuanced assessment of highly cited researchers.