Western schools of thoughts MCQ Quiz in मराठी - Objective Question with Answer for Western schools of thoughts - मोफत PDF डाउनलोड करा

The correct answer is Realistic education.

Key Points

• Realists believe that students should learn about the facts of the world, the laws of nature, and the values of society.
• Realists believe that the most important thing for a teacher to do is to help students understand the significance and value of what they are learning.
• Realists believe that it is important for teachers to be knowledgeable about the subjects they teach.
• Realists believe that the scientific method is an important tool for solving problems.
• Realists believe that the history of science and the contributions of scientists should be taught to students.

Additional Information

• Naturalistic education emphasizes the importance of teaching students about the natural world.
• Idealistic education emphasizes the importance of teaching students about truth, beauty, and goodness.
• Pragmatic education emphasizes the importance of teaching students how to solve problems and adapt to change.

Brahman as a metaphysical concept

When one understands the greatest truth of the Absolute, Brahman that the effect of the world is illuminating like a source of infinite light then he is liberated from the ignorance (Avidya) and released from illusion (Maya). It is said, “The manifold universe is, in truth, a single Reality. There is only one Great Being, which the sages call Brahman, in which all countless forms of existence reside

• Maya is God’s power to produce the world as an illusion.
• Maya has a complex illusory power of Brahman which causes the Brahman to be seen as the material world of separate forms.
• Maya has two functions; one is to ‘hide’ Brahman from ordinary human perception, and the other is to present the material world in its (Brahman) place, Maya is also said to be indescribable, though it may be said that sense data entering ones awareness via the five senses are Maya since the fundamental reality underlying sensory perception is completely hidden.
• The credibility of Maya being real or unreal is not for sure. But Brahman is not touched by Maya. It is like the magician who is not affected by his own tricks. 

Conclusion: From the above discussion, we come to the conclusion that Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Key Points

Principle of Utility: The first Principle Pragmatic curriculum is the principle of utility. According to this principle, only those subjects, activities, and experiences should be included in the curriculum which is useful to the present need of the child and also meets the future expectations of adult life as well. 

• The pragmatism philosophy says that prayer cannot be offered on empty stomach.
• Pragmatism is the practical way of approaching a problem to find a solution.
• The person who is approaching the problem in a practical way is called a pragmatist. For example, if when we pray to god on an empty stomach, we can’t concentrate on pray due to hungry and we are not focused on our goal. The hunger distracts our concentration in praying. So, the quote appeared prayers cannot be offered on an empty stomach.

Hence, option (3) is correct.

Theodore Brameld the founder of Social Reconstructionism.

• Social Reconstructionism a method of education that has the purpose to teach through culture and change it.   
• It is based on the assumption that a student can gain first-hand experience in studying real social problems and controversial issues.
• The curriculum proposed in this reflects democratic ideals and emphasizes civic education. 
• This education helps students to think in critical terms and expose their assumptions and practices. 

​EXISTENTIALISM

• Existentialism is a form of philosophical inquiry that explores the nature of existence by emphasizing the experience of the human subject.
•  It is also the investigation of the meaning of Being.
• The existentialist is in opposition to any doctrine that views human beings as the manifestation of an infinite substance.

​PRAGMATISM

• Pragmatism is a philosophy that considers words and thought as tools and instruments for prediction, problem-solving, and action.
• It rejects the idea that the function of thought is to describe, represent, or mirror reality.

​P​ERENNIALISM 

•  A teacher-centered educational philosophy that focuses on everlasting ideas and universal truths.
• The focus of education should be the ideas that have lasted for centuries because it believes that the ideas are as relevant and meaningful today as they were when written.

Therefore, Reconstruction enunciated the principal of the child, the school, and education itself are shaped largely by social and cultural forces.

The correct answer is Karl Marx.

Key Points

• Karl Marx was a revolutionary, historian, sociologist and economist.
• He is famous for his theories about capitalism and communism.
• According to Karl Marx, the last stage of the history of man would be a communist society.
• The last stage of development would be communism, a time when each person would contribute to society according to his ability and would consume according to his needs.

 thus, we can say that according to Karl Marx, the communist society will be at the last stage of the history of man.

Conclusion:

“All systems of ideas are subject to verification by consequences” is the core of the philosophy of Pragmatism.

A.J. Ayer:  

• A. J. Ayer was an English philosopher known for his promotion of logical positivism, particularly in his books Language, Truth, and Logic (1936) and The Problem of Knowledge (1956).

Wittgenstein:

• L. Wittgenstein was an Austrian-British philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language.
• Wittgenstein affirms that any analysis of linguistic form and meaning must be set in the context of language use and must take into account the verbal as well as the nonverbal aspects of the communicative process.

Bertrend Russel:

• Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell was British polymath, philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, writer, social critic, political activist, and Nobel laureate.
• He is considered one of the founders of analytic philosophy along with his predecessor Gottlob Frege, colleague G. E. Moore and protégé Ludwig Wittgenstein.
• Russell is generally credited with being one of the founders of analytic philosophy. 
• Logical atomism is a philosophical view that originated in the early 20th century with the development of analytic philosophy. 
• Its principal exponent was the British philosopher Bertrand Russell.

G.E.Moore:

• G. E. Moore, was an English philosopher.
• He was, with Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and (before them) Gottlob Frege, one of the founders of analytic philosophy.
• In England, neo-realism has got popularity in the works of Bertrand Russell and G.E. Moore.
• Along with Russell, he led the turn away from idealism in British philosophy, and became well known for his advocacy of common sense concepts, his contributions to ethics, epistemology, and metaphysics, and "his exceptional personality and moral character"

Conclusion: Going through the above discussion, option (3) is correct.

The ancient Greek philosopher Plato was a student of Socrates and a teacher of Aristotle. His writings explored justice, beauty, and equality.

• Education for Plato was one of the great things in life.
• The main function of education according to Plato is not to put knowledge into the soul, but to bring out the latent talents in the soul. 
• Plato’s theory of education was to ban individualism, give up incompe­tence and immaturity.
• Plato propagated the idea of mast talented.

​Additional Information

Emmanuel Kant:

• Kant separates education into two as moral and physical education.
• For him, physical education is the only common way to feed and care comparing human with animals.
• Physical and moral education teach us how a person lives as an independent existence. Instruction makes a person worthy as an individual. 
• The basic aim of education to Kant has to provide fulfilling person ownself being committed to the moral law. The person should effort being an autonomous individual acting to the moral law. That's why Kant defends that a person should need to get used to discipline and task in an appropriate time.

​John-Paul Sartre:

• Jean-Paul Sartre is well known as a philosopher who emphasizes the individual and who both grounds himself in and defends individual freedom. As a result, Sartrean philosophy has often been cited as a possible grounding for 'progressive' student-centered education.
• Sartre's theory of existentialism states that “existence precedes essence”, that is only by existing and acting a certain way do we give meaning to our lives. According to him, there is no fixed design for how a human being should be and no God to give us a purpose.
• Existentialism in education is a teaching and learning philosophy that focuses on the student's freedom and agency to choose their future. Existentialist educators believe there is no god or higher power guiding their students.

​Aristotle:

• Aristotle's definition of education is the same as that of his teachers, that is, “the creation of a sound mind in a sound body”. Thus to him the aim of education was the welfare of the individuals so as to bring happiness in their lives.
• He believed that virtue lies in the attainment of happiness or goodness.
• Aristotle believed the purpose of the school was to develop and exercise students' potential for reasoning, form ethical character, and provide a skill and knowledge base.
• He thought the purpose of schooling was to develop dispositions and habits that exercise reason and forming a human's ethos.

The correct answer is the Proletariat class.

Key Points

• Marxism is a social, economic and political ideology named after Karl Marx.
• It examines the effect of capitalism on labour, productivity and economic development and argues for a worker revolution to overturn capitalism in favour of communism.
• Marx's class struggle portrays capitalism as one step in the historical progressions of economic systems.
• Capitalist society is made of two classes: bourgeoisie or business owners, who control the means of production and Proletariat, or workers whose labour transforms raw commodities into valuable economic goods.
• According to Marxism, the Proletariat class will end the capitalist system.

 Thus, we can say that according to Marxism, the Proletariat class will end the capitalist system.

Vedic Education:

• The Vedic system of education was aimed at molding the young pupils into individuals capable of living a perfect and full life – based on the principles of Dharma.
• From the Vedic age downwards the teacher has been all along designated as the spiritual and intellectual father of the student. 

Conclusion: During the Vedic period education was for education’s sake and not for any public exams. It was not merely intellectual, but moral and spiritual. Since idealism was rooted in spirituality. So, we can conclude that idealism is the basis of Vedic Education.  Hence, option (2) is correct.