Tribal Communities MCQ Quiz in मल्याळम - Objective Question with Answer for Tribal Communities - സൗജന്യ PDF ഡൗൺലോഡ് ചെയ്യുക

The correct answer is - Social Exclusion

Key Points

• Social Exclusion
  • Virginius Xaxa is renowned for his extensive research on the social exclusion of tribal communities in India.
  • His work focuses on the systemic barriers that prevent tribal populations from accessing education, healthcare, and employment opportunities, thereby marginalizing them in society.
  • Xaxa's research highlights the intersection of caste, class, and ethnicity in contributing to the social exclusion of tribal groups.
  • Understanding social exclusion is critical for developing policies aimed at inclusive development and reducing inequalities faced by tribal communities.

Additional Information

• Tribal Governance
  • Tribal governance involves the study of political systems and administration specific to tribal regions.
  • It includes the examination of traditional governance structures, as well as the impact of state policies on tribal autonomy.
• Tribal Arts
  • Tribal arts encompass the artistic expressions and cultural heritage of tribal communities.
  • This includes traditional crafts, music, dance, and visual arts that are integral to tribal identity.
• Industrialization
  • Industrialization refers to the development of industries in a region on a wide scale.It often involves the transformation of a society from agrarian to industrial, impacting the livelihoods and environment of tribal communities.

The correct answer is - State, Society and Tribes

Key Points

• State, Society and Tribes
  • The book "State, Society and Tribes" is authored by Virginius Xaxa.
  • It examines the political representation of Scheduled Tribes in India.
  • The book provides an in-depth analysis of the interaction between the state, society, and tribal communities.

Additional Information

• Virginius Xaxa
  • Virginius Xaxa is a renowned Indian sociologist.
  • His work primarily focuses on the sociology of tribes and their role in modern Indian society.
  • He has contributed significantly to the understanding of tribal issues in India.
• Political Representation of Scheduled Tribes
  • The political representation of Scheduled Tribes is crucial for ensuring their voices and concerns are heard in the legislative process.
  • Reserved seats in the Parliament and State Assemblies are a key mechanism for this representation.
  • Issues such as land rights, displacement, and cultural preservation are often central to the political agenda of tribal representatives.

The correct answer is - 1, 2, and 4 only

Key Points

• Economic Transactions
  • Weekly tribal markets function as economic hubs, allowing local producers to sell agricultural and forest produce.
  • They facilitate trade between tribals and external traders, integrating rural and urban economies.
• Social and Cultural Interaction
  • These markets serve as meeting spaces for kin and extended families.
  • People use market days to arrange marriages, exchange news, and strengthen community bonds.
• Linking Rural and National Economies
  • Tribal markets connect remote economies to regional and metropolitan markets.
  • Traders from urban areas purchase raw materials and handicrafts, promoting rural industry.

Additional Information

• Periodic Markets in Rural India
  • They occur weekly in most rural areas but may be fortnightly for specific goods (e.g., cattle markets).
  • They serve as multi-purpose institutions, combining economic, cultural, and social functions.
• Role of External Traders
  • External traders bring manufactured goods (e.g., textiles, household items) into these rural markets.
  • They also purchase local produce for resale in larger urban centers, linking rural areas to the formal economy.
• Government Influence and Market Regulation
  • Forest officials and state representatives monitor and regulate tribal trade, especially in forest produce.
  • Some government schemes aim to support tribal artisans by ensuring fair trade practices.

The correct answer is - Bihar

Key Points

• Bihar
  • The Birhor tribe is primarily found in the state of Bihar.
  • They are a small tribal community known for their traditional lifestyle and unique cultural practices.
  • The Birhor people are also found in neighboring states such as Jharkhand and Odisha.
  • They traditionally live in forested areas and rely on hunting and gathering for their livelihood.

Additional Information

• Tribal Communities in India
  • India is home to a diverse range of tribal communities, each with its distinct culture, language, and traditions.
  • Some other prominent tribes in India include the Gond, Santhal, Bhil, and Munda tribes.
  • The Indian government has various schemes and programs aimed at the upliftment and development of tribal communities.
• Conservation of Tribal Culture
  • Efforts are being made to preserve the unique cultural heritage of tribal communities through documentation and promotion of their art, music, and traditions.
  • Organizations and NGOs often work with tribal groups to ensure their rights and access to education, healthcare, and employment opportunities.

The correct answer is - Dikus

Key Points

• Dikus
  • The term Dikus is used to refer to migrant traders and moneylenders in various regions, including South Bihar.
  • These groups are often resented by the local population due to their exploitative practices.
  • The term is commonly associated with non-indigenous people who engage in economic activities that impact the local tribal communities.

Additional Information

• Nakarattars
  • The Nakarattars were a merchant and banking community in Tamil Nadu, not Bihar.
  • They played a significant role in the trade and financial sectors of South India during the colonial period.
• Adivasis
  • The term Adivasis refers to the indigenous tribal communities in India, including regions like Bihar.
  • They are not migrant traders or moneylenders but the original inhabitants of the land.
• Oraons
  • The Oraons are a tribal community primarily found in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and parts of Bihar.
  • They are indigenous people and are not categorized as migrant traders or moneylenders.

The correct answer is - Tiplut Nongbri

Key Points

• Tiplut Nongbri
  • Tiplut Nongbri is a well-known sociologist who has made significant contributions to the study of tribal societies.
  • She remarked that tribal institutions in themselves need not necessarily be democratic in their structure and functioning.
  • This observation highlights the diversity and complexity of tribal governance systems, which may not always align with modern democratic principles.

Additional Information

• Tribal Governance
  • Tribal governance structures vary widely across different regions and communities.
  • While some tribes may have democratic processes for decision-making, others may follow hierarchical or consensus-based approaches.
• Verrier Elwin
  • Verrier Elwin was a British-born Indian anthropologist, who studied tribal cultures extensively, especially in central India.
  • He advocated for the preservation of tribal traditions and cultures, often emphasizing their unique social structures.
• G.S. Ghurye
  • G.S. Ghurye was one of the founding figures of sociology in India, known for his work on caste and tribal communities.
  • He provided critical insights into the integration of tribal societies within the broader Indian social framework.

The correct answer is -(B), (C), and (D) only

Key Points

• Tribes were absorbed in Hindu society through Sanskritisation
  • The process of Sanskritisation refers to the adoption of Hindu cultural practices and rituals by tribal groups to elevate their social status.
  • This process often led to the integration of tribes into mainstream Hindu society.
• Tribes occupied a special trade niche
  • Historically, tribes were engaged in the trade of forest produce, salt, and elephants.
  • They played a crucial role in the economic network by supplying these essential goods to the plains people.
• Adivasis often exercised dominance over the plains people
  • Tribal groups, due to their strategic geographical locations and martial capabilities, frequently conducted raids on the plains.
  • This gave them a position of power and sometimes dominance over the settled agricultural communities.

Additional Information

• Concept of Adivasis
  • The term Adivasi refers to the indigenous tribal population of India.
  • They have a unique cultural identity and historical legacy distinct from the mainstream society.
• Sanskritisation
  • Introduced by sociologist M. N. Srinivas, the concept explains how lower caste and tribal communities adopt upper-caste Hindu practices to improve their social standing.
  • This phenomenon has significantly influenced the social structure and cultural dynamics of Indian society.
• Historical Trade Practices
  • Tribes traditionally engaged in trade with settled communities, providing resources not available in agrarian societies.
  • These exchanges were vital for the sustenance and economy of both tribal and non-tribal populations.

The correct answer is - S.L. Doshi

Key Points

• S.L. Doshi
  • S.L. Doshi is a renowned sociologist who has extensively studied tribal communities in India.
  • He focused on the food culture of tribal groups and how it relates to broader social structures and changes.
  • His research provides insights into how traditional dietary practices impact social organization, cultural identity, and adaptation to modern influences.
  • Doshi's work is significant in understanding the intersection of culture, ecology, and social change within tribal societies.

Additional Information

• Radhakamal Mukherjee
  • He was a pioneer in the field of sociology and ecology in India.
  • Mukherjee's work focused on the relationship between human society and the environment.
  • He made significant contributions to urban sociology and social ecology.
• Kingsley Davis
  • An American sociologist and demographer known for his work on population studies.
  • Davis's theories and research primarily focused on the dynamics of human populations and social structures.
• G.S. Ghurye
  • Considered one of the founding figures of sociology in India.
  • Ghurye's work covered a wide range of topics including caste, tribes, and Indian culture.
  • He is known for his extensive study on the caste system and its implications in India.

The correct answer is Only 2 and 3 are true.

Key Points

• Xaxa’s Conceptualization of Indigenous People
  • Statement 2: Indigenous people have become marginalized as a result of colonization.
    • This statement is true as colonization led to the displacement, exploitation, and marginalization of indigenous communities.
    • Colonial policies often led to the loss of land, resources, and cultural autonomy for indigenous populations.
  • Statement 3: They prioritize their social and cultural institutions over mainstream laws.
    • This statement is also true. Indigenous people often value their traditional social and cultural institutions, which are integral to their identity and way of life.
    • These institutions include customary laws, practices, and governance systems that are distinct from mainstream legal frameworks.

Additional Information

• Colonization and Indigenous People
  • Statement 1: Indigenous people were unaffected by colonization and conquest.
    • This statement is incorrect. Indigenous people were significantly affected by colonization and conquest.
    • They faced land dispossession, cultural erosion, forced assimilation, and various forms of oppression.
• Marginalization of Indigenous Communities
  • Colonization disrupted indigenous ways of life and led to systematic marginalization.
  • Indigenous communities often struggle with issues such as poverty, lack of access to education and healthcare, and loss of traditional lands.
• Social and Cultural Institutions
  • Indigenous people have rich cultural traditions and social institutions that play a vital role in their communities.
  • These institutions often operate alongside or in opposition to the legal systems imposed by colonial or mainstream authorities.

The correct answer is - Religion

Key Points

• Religion
  • Religion was initially used by anthropologists to distinguish tribes from non-tribes, as noted by Xaxa.
  • Tribes were often identified by their distinct religious practices and beliefs, which were different from the mainstream religions.
  • These religious practices were usually tied to the tribe's cultural and social systems, making it a significant criterion for identification.
  • Tribal religions often included animism, shamanism, and ancestor worship, which set them apart from the dominant religions like Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity.

Additional Information

• Economic activities
  • Economic activities refer to the ways in which people produce, distribute, and consume goods and services.
  • While economic activities can vary greatly among tribes, they are not the primary criterion used to distinguish tribes from non-tribes.
• Language
  • Language can be a significant marker of tribal identity, as many tribes have their own distinct languages or dialects.
  • However, language alone is not sufficient to distinguish tribes from non-tribes.
• Occupation
  • Occupation refers to the types of jobs people perform to earn a living.
  • Occupations can vary widely among tribes, but they are not the primary distinguishing feature.