Pharmacology MCQ Quiz in मल्याळम - Objective Question with Answer for Pharmacology - സൗജന്യ PDF ഡൗൺലോഡ് ചെയ്യുക

Concept:

• Antibiotic: substances that are derived from a microorganism or produced synthetically, that destroy or limit the growth of a living organism are called antibiotics (Hence option 1 is correct).

Sources of antibiotics:

• Natural
  • ​Fungi e.g. penicillin
  • Bacteria e.g. streptomycin
• Synthetics

Classification:

• Narrow spectrum antibiotics are that act only on one kind or one strain of bacteria e.g. isoniazid.
• Broad-spectrum antibiotics act on a wide range of microorganisms e.g. Tetracycline.

Key Points

• Antigen: is a substance that is when into the body stimulates the production of antibodies.
  • Exogenous antigens: these enter into the body from outside via inhalation, ingestion, or injection e.g. pollutants, microorganisms, and drugs, etc.
  • Endogenous antigens: that are generated into the body as a result of normal cell metabolism or because of viral or intracellular bacterial infection.
• Hormone: is a substance that is released in one tissue and travels through the bloodstream to the target tissues.
  • Hormones are used as drugs in case of insufficient secretion into the body i.e. as replacement therapy. For instance insulin administration in the case of Diabetes mellitus.
• Enzymes: are proteins that act as biological catalysts that are required in almost all the biochemical reactions in our living system.
  • Enzymes are also used as drugs that are isolated from plant and animal sources.

Concept:

• Some medicines are taken empty stomach to increase absorption.
• The effectiveness of drugs decreases after taking food with food.
• Thyroxin and pantoprazole are taken empty stomach in the morning.
• Thyroxin is a thyroid hormone given in hypothyroidism.
• Pantoprazole is a proton-pump inhibitor that reduces acid in the stomach.

Explanation:

• List of medicines taken empty stomach:
  • Ampicillin
  • Tetracycline
  • Omeprazole
  • Sulfadiazine
  • Rifampin
  • Oxacillin
  • Methotrexate
  • Sulfamethoxazole - trimethoprim
  • Levothyroxine
  • Lansoprazole
  • Didanosine
  • Lorabid

Explanation-

• It is a technique used to deliver medication deep into the muscles. 
• It allows the medication to be absorbed into the bloodstream quickly.
• Intramuscular injections are used instead of intravenous injections because some drugs are irritating to veins, or because a suitable vein can’t be located.
• It may be used instead of oral delivery because some drugs are destroyed by the digestive sys==em when a drug is swallowed.
• It is absorbed faster than subcutaneous injections.

Specific Maximum Volumes​

• Deltoid muscle: Up to 2 mL
• Vastus lateralis muscle: Up to 4 mL
• Ventrogluteal muscle: Up to 3 mL

 Additional Information

Site	MAXIMUM VOLUME OF INJECTION
Intramuscular	3mL
Subcutaneous	2mL
Intravenous	5mL
Intradermal	0.1mL

 

Concept:-

• Teratogen: a teratogen is an agent that can disturb the development of the embryo or fetus. Teratogens halt the pregnancy or produce a congenital malformation. Classes of teratogens include radiation, maternal infections, chemicals, and drugs.

Teratogenic drug:

• Directly or indirectly, causes a structural or functional change in the fetus or child if it is administrated to a pregnant mother.
• If the mother is taking this drug, it can be either stopped, switched, or reduced to the lowest dose possible.
• Typically, during sensitive periods of fetal development.
• Depending on the particular teratogenic process and target organ.

Example of teratogenic drug – Cytotoxic, Lithium, Valproate

Concept:-

• Pulmonary embolism: it is the blockage of pulmonary arteries by thrombus, fat or air emboli, and tumor tissue.
• It is the most common complication in hospitalized patients.
• An embolus is a clot that is carried by the bloodstream from its point of origin to a smaller blood vessel, where it obstructs circulation.

Symptoms of pulmonary embolism:

• Pain in calf or thigh
• Coughing up blood
• Dull chest pain
• Wheezing
• Loss of consciousness
• Sudden shortness of breath

Explanation:-

• Heparin: it is an anticoagulant (blood thinner) that prevents the formation of blood clots.
• Heparin is used to treat and prevent blood clots in the veins, arteries, or lungs.
• It is also used before surgery to reduce the risk of blood clots.

Concept:-

• Anti-tuberculosis drugs: Describes a drug or effect that works against tuberculosis (a contagious bacterial infection that usually affects the lungs).
• Rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol are FDA-approved to treat Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. Antitubercular medications are a group of drugs used to treat tuberculosis.
• Streptomycin is an anti-tuberculosis drug that cannot be given during pregnancy.

 

Explanation:-

Streptomycin:

• It is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections.
• This includes tuberculosis, mycobacterium avium complex, endocarditis, brucellosis, Burkholderia infection, plague tularemia, and rat-bite fever.
• Active tuberculosis is often given together with isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide.
• It is given by injection into a vein or muscle.

 

A side effects of streptomycin:

• burning, crawling, itching, numbness, prickling,
• "pins and needles", or tingling feelings.
• clumsiness.
• dizziness or lightheadedness.
• large, hive-like swelling on the face, eyelids, lips, and tongue.
• sore throat.

Explanation

• Tocolytics are the drugs used to inhibit contractions of myometrial smooth muscles.​
• Tocolysis is an obstetrical procedure carried out with the use of medications with the purpose of delaying the delivery of a fetus in women presenting preterm contractions. These medications are administered with the hope of decreasing fetal morbidity and mortality.
• Oxytocin receptor antagonists have been developed as tocolytics for the management of preterm labour due to the significant role of oxytocin in the onset of both term and preterm labour.
• The most common tocolytic agents used for the treatment of preterm labor are magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), indomethacin, and nifedipine.

Additional Information Indications

• Prevent preterm birth
• Prevent perinatal morbidity and mortality associated with preterm birth.

​Tocolytic agents

• Magnesium sulfate
• Beta agonist
  • ​Terbutaline
  • Retrodine 
• ​Calcium channel blocker
  • ​Nifedipine
• ​Indomethacin
• Nitroglycerine 
• Diazoxide
• Atosiban
• Ethyl alcohol

​Drugs that cause Increases GI Motility

• metoclopramide
• bethanechol
• domperidone

​These drugs increase the peristaltic contractions

Concept-

• The Hickman line is tunneled under the skin on the chest to the venotomy at the base of the neck.
• The catheter is then cut to the desired length and inserted into the jugular vein and laterally into the superior vena cava or right atrium.

Important Points

• The actual access to the subclavian vein is still just under the clavicle, but by tunneling, the distal portion of the catheter several inches under the skin the risk of migratory infection is reduced compared to a catheter that enters the subclavian vein directly and is not tunneled.
• The catheter is tunneled to control infection.

Key Points

• There are two types of central venous catheters: tunneled and non-tunneled. Tunneled CVCs are placed under the skin and are designed to be used over a long period of time. Non-tunneled catheters are designed to be temporary and can be inserted into a large vein near the neck, chest, or groin.
• Tunneled CVCs have requirements that are unique to other access devices: high blood flow rate under moderate pressure drop without obstruction, minimal trauma to the vein, resistance to occlusion by fibrous sheathing, prevention of infection, prevention of clots, biocompatibility, avoidance of lumen collapse and kinking and breaks, resistance to antiseptic agents, placement with minimal trauma, and radiopaque appearance on X-ray.
• More than 70% of patients starting chronic hemodialysis in the United States have a tunneled central venous catheter (CVC) as their first blood access device for dialysis. The use of dual lumen CVCs to extract and return blood during dialysis is now common but in the late 1970s, this concept revolutionized dialysis. Prior to the development of CVCs for dialysis, dialysis was only possible with arterial access, through an internal/external AV silicone shunt or through separate catheters in the artery and vein and removed after each treatment.

Concept-

• An antibiotic is a compound that kills and stops the growth of bacteria.
• It is a broad group of antimicrobial compounds used to prevent infections caused by bacteria, moulds, and other parasites visible under the normal microscope, including fungi and protozoa.

Antibiotics are divided into two groups according to their effect or function on bacteria-

• Those that kill bacteria are called 'bactericidal agents. And others that inhibit the growth of bacteria are called 'bacteriostatic agents.

• Fungi naturally produce antibiotics to kill bacteria or inhibit their growth, thereby limiting their competition in natural environments. Important antibiotics, such as penicillins and cephalosporins, can be isolated from fungi.
• Penicillin is a bactericidal antibiotic. It attacks the cell wall or cell membrane of the bacteria.
• Antibiotics are also known as antibacterials.
• Our immune system has the ability to fight off infections caused by bacteria. But sometimes the invasion of bacteria becomes so overwhelming that it is beyond the capacity of the immune system to fight off the infection. To avoid such infections, we have to take antibiotics from outside in the form of medicine.

• Pharmacodynamics is the branch of pharmacology that deals with the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on the body, and the mechanisms of their action. It explains how drugs work at the cellular level to produce therapeutic effects.
• This field investigates the relationship between drug concentration and effect, including the onset, duration, and intensity of therapeutic and adverse effects.
• Understanding pharmacodynamics is crucial for determining the appropriate dosage, efficacy, and safety of medications.

• Rationale: Pharmacokinetics is the study of how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolizes, and excretes drugs. It focuses on the movement of drugs within the body over time, rather than the effects of the drugs on the body.

• Rationale: Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects of chemical substances on living organisms. It involves examining the symptoms, mechanisms, treatments, and detection of poisoning, especially the poisoning of people.

• Rationale: Pharmacology is the broad science that encompasses both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It involves the study of drugs and their interactions with biological systems, including their origins, compositions, therapeutic uses, and effects.

• Among the given options, pharmacodynamics specifically focuses on the mechanisms of action of drugs and their pharmacological effects on the human body. This makes it the correct answer for the study concerned with the mechanisms of action and effects of drugs.

``` This solution provides a comprehensive explanation of the correct answer, a brief overview of the topic, key points related to it, and additional information. It also includes explanations for the other options, highlighting why they are incorrect.