India’s Foreign Policy MCQ Quiz - Objective Question with Answer for India’s Foreign Policy - Download Free PDF

The correct answer is 'To avoid joining any military alliance during the Cold War'

Key Points

• Non-Alignment Policy:
  • Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, was a key architect of the Non-Alignment Policy during the Cold War era.
  • The primary goal of this policy was to avoid joining any military alliance, especially those led by the United States or the Soviet Union.
  • This policy aimed to maintain India's sovereignty and independence in foreign affairs, allowing it to make decisions based on national interests rather than being influenced by the superpowers.
  • India sought to promote peaceful coexistence, economic development, and social progress through this policy.

Additional Information

• To align with the Soviet Union:
  • This is incorrect as the Non-Alignment Policy specifically aimed to avoid aligning with any major power bloc, including the Soviet Union.
• To align with the United States:
  • This is incorrect for the same reason; the policy was designed to avoid alliances with both the United States and the Soviet Union.
• To engage only in economic alliances:
  • While economic cooperation was a component of the Non-Alignment Policy, it was not the primary goal.
  • The main focus was on avoiding military alliances.

The correct answer is 'A, B, E, D, C'

Key Points

• World's Largest Military Spenders (2023):
  • According to 2023 data, the world's largest military spenders are ranked based on their defense budgets.
  • In ascending order, the countries are: South Korea, Ukraine, Russia, China, and USA.
  • This ranking indicates that South Korea spends the least among the listed countries, while the USA spends the most.
  • Ukraine has increased its military spending significantly due to ongoing conflicts, placing it higher than South Korea but lower than Russia.
  • China's military expenditure is substantial, but it is still less than that of the USA.
  • The USA remains the top spender globally, with its defense budget far exceeding that of any other country.

The correct answer is 'C and D Only'

Key Points

• First Nuclear Tests:
  • First nuclear test/explosion by USA: The United States conducted its first nuclear test, known as the Trinity test, on July 16, 1945.
  • First nuclear test/explosion by USSR: The Soviet Union conducted its first nuclear test on August 29, 1949.
  • First nuclear test/explosion by France: France conducted its first nuclear test on February 13, 1960, not 1965.
  • First nuclear test/explosion by China: China conducted its first nuclear test on October 16, 1964, not 1974.
  • First nuclear test/explosion by India: India conducted its first nuclear test on May 18, 1974.

The correct answer is 'A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV.'

Key Points

• Match the LIST-I with LIST-II:
  • Abul Ahsan:
    • Served as the first Secretary General of SAARC from January 16, 1987 to October 15, 1989.
  • Yadav Kant Silwal:
    • Served as the Secretary General of SAARC from January 1, 1994 to December 31, 1995.
  • Nihal Rodrigo:
    • Held the position of Secretary General from January 1, 1999 to January 10, 2002.
  • Sheel Kant Sharma:
    • Served as the Secretary General of SAARC from March 1, 2008 to February 2011.

The correct answer is 'A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III'

Key Points

• Boxer Rebellion in China (A - IV):
  • The Boxer Rebellion was an anti-foreign, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian uprising in China between 1900 and 1901.
  • It was initiated by the "Righteous and Harmonious Fists" and targeted foreign nationals and Chinese Christians.
• Mexican Revolution (B - I):
  • The Mexican Revolution was a major armed struggle from 1910 to 1920, radically transforming Mexican culture and government.
  • It began as a rebellion against longtime autocrat Porfirio Díaz and developed into a multi-sided civil war.
• Japan invaded Manchuria (C - II):
  • In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria, a region in Northeast China, marking a significant event leading up to the Second World War.
  • This invasion was part of Japan’s imperialist expansion and led to the establishment of the puppet state of Manchukuo.
• Germany Reoccupied the Rhineland (D - III):
  • In 1936, Nazi Germany remilitarized the Rhineland, violating the Treaty of Versailles and the Locarno Treaties.
  • This move was a key step in Hitler’s aggressive foreign policy and a precursor to further expansionist actions.

• Historical Context:
  • Understanding these events helps in comprehending the global political dynamics and shifts during the early 20th century.
  • Each event had significant implications for international relations and the subsequent course of history.

The correct answer is Phase III  (1970-1989)

Key Points

Phase III (1971-1989)

• In India’s political system, Smt. Indira Gandhi had established her dominance by 1971. 
• Centralization, Authoritarianism, and Courage in the face of adversity were traits that defined her reign.
• Indian foreign policy acknowledged the value of power for the first time. 
• The 1971 Indo-Pak War, which led to the establishment of Bangladesh, demonstrated the power of India’s military prowess and diplomatic skills. 
• India was able to resist pressure from the USA by signing a friendship treaty with the USSR.
• India conducted her first nuclear test in 1974 and afterwards quit the Non-Proliferation Treaty claiming it was unfair.
• During this period, non-alignment slowly deteriorated as India became closer to the Soviet Union. 
• Additionally, socialist initiatives like nationalising banks and implementing harsher licensing requirements were centralised. 

ArirbanGanguly is the publisher of the book titled “The Modi Doctrine: New Paradigms in India’s Foreign Policy” which was launched at the Indian High Commission in London, UK. The book talks about Modi’s outlook towards global affairs and his approaches in linking India’s foreign policy to domestic transformation. 

The correct answer is Only Statement 2 and 3 are correct.

Explanation: Statement 1 is incorrect as SAARC does not include China and the United States as members. Statement 2 is correct. Statement 3 is also correct as the Act East policy is an extension and deepening of the Look East policy. Statement 4 is incorrect; the Look West policy focuses on the Middle East and the Persian Gulf region.

 Key Points

• The Gujral Doctrine
• Context: The Gujral Doctrine is a set of five principles formulated by Inder Kumar Gujral, who was the Foreign Minister in the Deve Gowda government in 1996-1997 and later became the Prime Minister of India. This doctrine was a significant shift in India's foreign policy in the post-Cold War era.

Key Principles:

The Gujral Doctrine is based on the following five principles:

1. Non-Reciprocity: India would not demand reciprocity but give and accommodate what it can in good faith and trust.
2. No Bilateral Issues: Neighbors could be assured that India did not have any extra-territorial ambitions nor did it seek to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries.
3. No Strings Attached: India would not expect anything in return for its actions or gestures.
4. Peaceful Coexistence: A commitment to peaceful coexistence, respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty, and non-interference in the internal affairs of each other.
5. Mutual Interest and Respect: Relations would be based on mutual interest and enhanced interaction and cooperation.

Impact and Criticism:

• The Gujral Doctrine was primarily aimed at improving relations with India's immediate neighbors, particularly Pakistan and Bangladesh.
• It was lauded for its idealistic approach and intent to foster regional harmony in South Asia.
• However, critics argued that it was naïve, especially considering the persistent security challenges and the complex geopolitical dynamics in South Asia.
• The doctrine had mixed success, with some improvements in relationships but also instances where the principles were not reciprocated, especially by Pakistan.

The Act East Policy

Background:

• The Look East policy was initiated by Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao in the early 1990s. This policy was focused on increasing economic and strategic relations with the nations of East Asia to bolster India's standing as a regional power and a counterweight to the strategic influence of China.

Transformation to Act East Policy:

• In 2014, under Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the Look East policy was transformed into the Act East policy. This shift marked a more active and strategic approach in engaging with East Asia and Southeast Asia.

Key Elements of Act East Policy:

• Enhanced Connectivity and Economic Integration: Fostering better connectivity and economic integration with Southeast and East Asian countries through infrastructure projects, trade agreements, and more robust economic cooperation.
• Strategic and Security Cooperation: Increasing strategic and defense ties with countries in the region to ensure a stable maritime environment and to balance the rising influence of China.
• Cultural and People-to-People Ties: Promoting cultural exchanges and people-to-people ties to deepen historical and civilizational linkages.
• Multilateral Engagement: Engaging more actively in regional multilateral forums like the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), East Asia Summit, Mekong Ganga Cooperation, etc.

 Additional Information

• The Act East policy has been seen as a significant effort to reposition India in the rapidly changing geopolitical landscape of Asia.
• It has led to increased investments, strategic partnerships, and a higher degree of political engagement with countries in the region.
• The policy is also viewed as a strategic initiative to counterbalance China’s influence in the region, although it is not explicitly stated as such.
• Both the Gujral Doctrine and the Act East Policy reflect India's evolving foreign policy priorities in different contexts and times, responding to both regional and global challenges and opportunities.

The correct answer is Both 1 and 2 are true.

Explanation: The Indo-Soviet Treaty was a major milestone in India-USSR relations, showing strong diplomatic ties. India's support for the One China policy has been a consistent element in its relationship with China.

 Key PointsThe Indo-Soviet Treaty, formally known as the "Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Cooperation between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Republic of India," signed on August 9, 1971, was a significant event in the Cold War era, particularly in the context of India-USSR relations. On the other hand, India's support for the One China policy has been a key element in its relationship with China. Let's explore each of these in detail.

Indo-Soviet Treaty of 1971

• Background: The treaty was signed against the backdrop of increasing tensions in South Asia, primarily due to the Bangladesh Liberation War. India was seeking support against potential aggression by Pakistan, which was closely allied with the United States. The U.S. had a significant influence in Pakistan and was viewed as a counterbalance to Soviet influence in the region.
• Contents of the Treaty: The treaty consisted of clauses that emphasized peace, respect for sovereignty, non-interference in internal affairs, and equality. A crucial aspect of the treaty was the mutual agreement to consult each other in the event of a threat to peace or security. There was also an implicit understanding that the USSR would support India in case of a conflict, which became relevant during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.
• Impact on India-USSR Relations: This treaty marked the zenith of India-USSR relations. It provided India with diplomatic support as well as substantial military aid. The USSR used its veto power in the United Nations Security Council to support India's position during the 1971 war. The treaty also served as a counterbalance to the U.S.-Pakistan-China axis.
• Broader Implications: The treaty was significant in the context of the Cold War, representing a strategic alignment between India and the Soviet Union. It demonstrated India's skillful diplomatic balancing act between the two superpower blocs while maintaining its non-aligned status.

India's Support for the One China Policy

• One China Policy: The One China policy is the diplomatic acknowledgment that there is only one Chinese government. Under this policy, countries recognizing the People's Republic of China (PRC) must sever formal ties with the Republic of China (Taiwan).
• India's Stance: India was among the early countries to recognize the People's Republic of China in 1950. Over the decades, India's adherence to the One China policy has been a consistent element in its diplomatic engagement with Beijing, despite fluctuating bilateral relations due to border disputes and other geopolitical issues.
• Strategic Considerations: India's support for the One China policy reflects its broader foreign policy objectives, including respect for sovereignty, territorial integrity, and non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries. Additionally, this stance is part of India's effort to manage its complex and often challenging relationship with China, balancing economic engagement with strategic competition.
• Implications and Challenges: While India has largely adhered to the One China policy, there have been instances where this stance has been re-evaluated, particularly in the context of border tensions and China's relations with Pakistan. The delicate balance India maintains in supporting the One China policy while also engaging with Taiwan on economic and cultural fronts reflects the nuanced and pragmatic approach of its foreign policy.

 Additional Information

• Both the Indo-Soviet Treaty of 1971 and India's support for the One China policy are emblematic of India's diplomatic efforts to navigate complex international relationships during the Cold War and beyond. These policies demonstrate India's strategic balancing act in a multipolar world, managing relationships with major powers while maintaining its national interests and sovereignty.

The correct answer is 1 only

• India's Neighbourhood First policy is a crucial aspect of its foreign policy, aiming to enhance diplomatic and economic relations with its immediate neighbors.

Key Points 

1. Year of Launch:
   - The first statement is incorrect. India's Neighbourhood First policy was not launched in 2014; rather, it has been a consistent and ongoing approach in India's foreign policy for several years.

The Standing Committee on External Affairs (Chair: Mr. P.P. Chaudhary) submitted its report on ‘India’s Neighbourhood First Policy’, on July 25, 2023.  The concept of the Neighbourhood First Policy came into being in 2008.

2. Cardinal Component:
   - The second statement is correct. Neighbourhood First has indeed been a cardinal component of India's foreign policy.
   - The policy emphasizes the significance of maintaining strong and friendly relations with neighboring countries for mutual benefit and regional stability.

 Additional Information- Historical Context:
  - India's historical ties with its neighbors have been characterized by shared cultural, historical, and geographical linkages. Neighbourhood First builds upon these connections to promote cooperation in various domains.

- Key Objectives:
  - The policy aims to enhance economic collaboration, connectivity, people-to-people ties, and security cooperation among South Asian countries.

- Challenges and Successes:
  - Neighbourhood First faces challenges, such as geopolitical complexities and historical issues, but has also witnessed successes in terms of regional development projects, joint initiatives, and crisis management.

- Adaptability:
  - The policy reflects India's adaptability to changing regional dynamics and its commitment to addressing the evolving needs and aspirations of its neighbors.

The correct answer is Phase V  (1998-2011)

Key Points

Phase V  (1998-2011)

• In order to usher in a new era of foreign policy, India conducted its second nuclear test in Pokhran (1998). 
• The first test and the reaction to it were cautious, but the second test clearly demonstrated that India had developed into a nuclear-armed state.
• Although the US initially reacted negatively to the sanctions, it soon became apparent that democratic India, with its populace and quickly growing economy, could eventually be an ally. 
• The Talbott-Jaswant Singh talks were triggered by this, and they significantly improved relations between the US and India.
• At this point, the Indian economy was growing at a rate of about 8% per year. The middle class expanded, and the IT revolution was witnessed. India's soft power grew as a result of its solid economy and reputation as a democracy. 
• The strong US linkages were strengthened by the Look East Policy and improved ties with China.
• The Civil Nuclear Agreement, which was concluded by the US and India in 2008, was a huge win for India. 
• The US's prosperous Indian diaspora played a role in the two countries' closer relations.

The correct answer is 2008

Explanation: This was a three-day official visit that focused on strengthening India-China ties and addressing the border dispute.

 Key PointsThis was Singh's first official visit to China as Prime Minister. India and China had a complex relationship, marked by periods of cooperation and tension, including the unresolved border dispute.
Objectives:

• The visit aimed to:
• Strengthen India-China ties
• Address the border dispute
• Discuss trade and investment
• Promote security cooperation
• Enhance cultural exchange

Key events:

• Meetings: Singh met with several Chinese leaders, including President Hu Jintao, Premier Wen Jiabao, and Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi.
• Agreements: Both sides signed several agreements, covering areas like trade, investment, science and technology, and cultural exchange.

Outcomes:

• The visit was seen as a significant step forward in improving India-China relations.
• It helped to build trust and understanding between the two countries.
• It paved the way for increased cooperation in various fields.

Specific achievements:

• The two sides agreed to set up a high-level mechanism to address the border dispute.
• They also agreed to increase trade and investment between the two countries.
• They established a cultural exchange program to promote people-to-people contact.

Significance:

• The visit marked a turning point in India-China relations.
• It helped to set the stage for a more cooperative relationship between the two countries.
• The visit's outcomes continue to be felt today, as India and China continue to work together on a range of issues.

 Additional Information

• The visit took place against the backdrop of the global financial crisis.
• Both India and China were seen as emerging economies with the potential to play a major role in the global economy.
• The visit was seen as an opportunity for the two countries to strengthen their economic ties and cooperation.

The correct answer is 'Grover Cleveland'

Key Points

• Grover Cleveland:
  • Grover Cleveland was the 22nd and 24th President of the United States, making him the only U.S. president to serve two non-consecutive terms (1885–1889 and 1893–1897).
  • His non-consecutive terms make him unique in American presidential history and are a notable exception to the usual consecutive terms served by other presidents.
  • Cleveland was known for his honesty, integrity, and commitment to classical liberal principles, making him a prominent figure in American political history.

Additional Information

• John Adams:
  • John Adams was the 2nd President of the United States, serving from 1797 to 1801. He was a Founding Father and a key figure in the early development of the nation.
  • However, Adams did not serve non-consecutive terms; he was succeeded by Thomas Jefferson after his first term.
• Andrew Jackson:
  • Andrew Jackson was the 7th President of the United States, serving from 1829 to 1837. Known for his populist approach and strong leadership, Jackson served two consecutive terms.
• Abraham Lincoln:
  • Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States, serving from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. Lincoln is renowned for leading the country during the Civil War and for his efforts to end slavery.
  • He did not serve non-consecutive terms; his presidency was tragically cut short by his assassination.

The correct answer is Mohamed Zeeshan.

 Key Points

• The book titled ‘Flying Blind: India’s Quest for Global Leadership’ is authored by Mohamed Zeeshan.
• He is a foreign affairs columnist, consultant, and editor-in-chief of Freedom Gazette.
• This book is published by Penguin Random House.
• The book describes the difficulties that stand as an obstacle to current India’s foreign policy.
• Each of these has led to many instabilities in the foreign policy practice, which in turn has affected India’s interests.
• It tries to explain why ordinary Indian citizens should care about foreign policy and how a more proactive foreign policy can deliver economic growth at home.

 Additional Information

The correct answer is 'A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4'

Key Points

• Jawaharlal Nehru - Policy of Non-Alignment:
  • Jawaharlal Nehru was a key architect of the Non-Alignment Movement (NAM), which aimed to keep newly independent nations from aligning with either the Western or Eastern blocs during the Cold War.
  • This policy was significant in maintaining India's sovereignty and promoting peaceful coexistence.
• Lal Bahadur Shastri - Tashkent Agreement:
  • Lal Bahadur Shastri signed the Tashkent Agreement with Pakistani President Ayub Khan in 1966, aimed at restoring economic and diplomatic relations after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.
  • This agreement was crucial for peace between the two nations during a turbulent period.
• Indira Gandhi - Simla Agreement:
  • Indira Gandhi signed the Simla Agreement with Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in 1972, following the Bangladesh Liberation War.
  • The agreement aimed to normalize relations between India and Pakistan and laid down the principles for the future conduct of bilateral relations.
• Atal Bihari Vajpayee - Kargil War:
  • Atal Bihari Vajpayee was the Prime Minister of India during the Kargil War in 1999.
  • His leadership was crucial in successfully managing the conflict and ensuring India's territorial integrity.