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Home / IAS Preparation / Peasant Movements In 19Th Century Rangpur Dhing

Peasant Movement in the 19th Century: Rangpur Dhing - Modern Indian History Notes For UPSC Exam!

Last Updated on Jun 13, 2022
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The Rangpur Dhing rebellion erupted in the district of Rangpur which is in Bengal in 1783. It was a protest which was led by the Peasants and the Zamindars against the very high demands of revenue by the government. The topic of peasant revolts has been important from the perspective of UPSC IAS Examination and it falls under the General Studies Paper 1 and particularly in the Modern Indian History Section. In this article we shall discuss the Rangpur Dhing, its background, causes, the uprising and the effects.

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Also Read: More on life of Bal Gangadhar Tilak here!

Peasant Movement In 19th Century – Rangpur Dhing

Rangpur Dhing is called the first tough peasant against the British East India Company rule. The Rangpur Dhing uprising took place in Bengal.Diwani gave rights to Britishers in 1765 and five years of settlement in 1767 which led to the exploitation of the peasants. The movement was a result of the exploitation of the Britishers which led to mass uprising against colonial rule.

Check out this article on Partition of Bengal for UPSC IAS Exam here!

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Peasant Movement In 19th Century (Rangpur Dhing) – Background

The background of the Rangpur Dhing is described as follows:

  • The peasants themselves on their own initiative offered resistance to British rule. The Rangpur rebellion took place in 1783 in the Northern districts of Bengal is an ideal example of such opposition.
  • The acquisition of the right to collect Bengal’s territorial revenues in 1765 presented the East India company with access to a potentially vast source of wealth.
  • Company officials attempting to fully exploit this revenue bearing territory brought into violent conflict with the overburdened population. This can be seen in the Dhing or the peasant rebellion which took place in the Northern district of Rangpur in 1783.
  • After the acquisition of the Diwani, the first objective of the company was to raise a large sum of money from the country as far as it is possible to collect.
  • In January 1767, Henry Verelst became the Governor of Bengal who observed that in the period following the acquisition of Diwani where there had been oppression and intrigues which were unknown at the other period.
  • During the years of the Diwani,the Rangpur district was overburdened with very large demands.
  • The five years settlement was introduced in 1772 which was already in a languishing condition.
  • The rate assessment was further increased.
  • The district collector admitted that it was beyond the capacity of the district to bear the increased burden.
  • The five year settlement was proved to be a failure by the year 1777. So the company insisted on annual settlements which is the system they had condemned earlier. Another period of indecisive experiments was followed till the permanent settlement was introduced.
  • A European collector operated in Tandem with an Indian revenue farmer who is also known as Ijardar, had been contracted to pay a set amount of tax to the company and his profit lay in any surplus he could extort from his cultivators.
  • For the collector, a district posting provided considerable opportunity to get the benefit from illicit private trade and the misappropriation of government funds.
  • In the early days of the revenue farming system, the peasantry was oppressed by the revenue contractors and the company officials imposing high revenue demands and often collecting illegal cesses.
  • Rangpur became the scene of a formidable Peace and Revolt in 1783. It was caused by a gross act of provocation from the land revenue farmer or the Ijardar.
  • To enforce payment of the heavy demand of the farmer,all sorts of compulsion were employed against the zamindars.
  • The zamindars passed on their burden to the rights as the demands and the exacts of the farmer increased.
  • The ryots stated in a mass petition ” We raiyats are ruined. In our house we have nothing left, our grain, our cattle, and other effects we have sold.”
  • Debi Singh or Gangagobinda Singh was the worst offenders who were revenue contractors, had unleashed a reign of terror in the villages of Rangpur and Dinajpur district.
  • Debi singh who was appointed ijardar of Rangpur and Dinajpur in 1780 practiced untold all severity to release all the revenue.
  • The immediate cause of this rising was the large-scale disposal of the agricultural holdings of the defaulting rights at the nominal price. As the petition was sent to Goodland who was the chief of the district failed to produce any relief which resulted in the ryots to take the laws into their own hand.

Learn about the Important Indian National Congress Annual Sessions to have a better understanding of the timeline of events!

Peasant Movement In 19th Century ( Rangpur Dhing ) – Causes

The causes of the Rangpur Dhing are described as follows:

  • The East India Company had a motive of squeezing out maximum revenue from the peasants.
  • During that time, the ijaradari system was in place according to which the ijardar or the izaredar who is a revenue farmer, contracted by the company to pay revenue that was fixed either annually or every 5 years on a piece of land. The company would give the land to the highest bidder and then he became the ijardar.
  • Izardar was not interested in the welfare of the farmers who cultivated the land under him or in the development of the land.
  • Ijardar’s main aim was to squeeze out maximum revenue from the farmer so that he would be able to pay the company and also earn some profit for himself.
  • Agrarian economy suffered a lot under the various ‘experiments’ done by the British on the land revenue system. Famines became commonplace and rural indebtedness surged. The farmers also became mired in deep poverty.
  • The tax rates were so high that the farmers were not able to pay the revenue.
  • The zamindars suffered under the system since the revenue demands were placed on him and he stood to lose his zamindari if he defaulted.
  • The ijardars resorted to the oppressive means to extract the highest revenue. Debi Singh was the ijardar of Rangpur and Dinajpur was especially severe.

Also read: List of All The Viceroys In India.

Peasant Movement In 19th Century ( Rangpur Dhing ) – The Uprising

The uprising of the Rangpur Dhing are given as follows:

  • Debi Singh who was the Ijardar of Rangpur and Dinajpur practiced extremely harsh measures against the peasants.
  • The peasant Sent a petition to the company asking for the relief but it did not result in any heed to the farmers grievances. This angered the farmers who ended up taking things into their own hands.
  • The Rangpur Dhing uprising was started on January 18, 1783 when the peasants and the Zamindars took control of the Parganas of Kakina, Kazirhat and Tepa in the district of Gangapur.
  • They attacked the courts, looted grains and released the Prisoners. For five weeks all these areas were under the control of the rebels who appointed a nawab and other officials for running a parallel government.
  • Kena Sarkar was one of the Main leaders of the revolt.
  • All the revenue payment through the company was forbaded.
  • The uprising was spread to Dinajpur also.
  • However, the uprising was put down by the British and many of the rebels were killed.

Also read about The Extremist Phase of Indian National Movement.

Peasant Movement In 19th Century (Rangpur Dhing) – Effects

The effects of the Rangpur Dhing rebellion is given as follows:

  • The uprising helps in bringing the weakness of the ijaradari system in light.
  • Though all the rebellion was suppressed, the Government brought some of the reforms in the farming system.
  • This helped in paving the way for a more permanent system of land revenue.
  • This Rangpur Dhing rebellion saw unity between the Hindus and Muslims.

Check out the test series for UPSC IAS Exam here.

UPSC Practice Question on Rangpur Dhing
  1. Consider the following statements with respect to Rangpur Dhing.
  2. The main reason behind Rangpur Dhing was interference in the religious affairs of peasants.
  3. It was led by Birsa Munda.

Choose the incorrect option among the following statements:

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2

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FAQs on Rangpur Dhing

The Rangpur Dhing rebellion erupted in the district of Rangpur which is in Bengal in 1783. It was a protest which was led by the Peasants and the Zamindars against the very high demands of revenue by the government.

The background of the Rangpur Dhing is described as follows:The peasants themselves on their own initiative offered resistance to British rule. The Rangpur rebellion took place in 1783 in the Northern districts of Bengal is an ideal example of such opposition.The acquisition of the right to collect Bengal's territorial revenues in 1765 presented the East India company with access to a potentially vast source of wealth.

The causes of the Rangpur Dhing are described as follows:The East India Company had a motive of squeezing out maximum revenue from the peasants.During that time, the ijaradari system was in place according to which the ijardar or the izaredar who is a revenue farmer, contracted by the company to pay revenue that was fixed either annually or every 5 years on a piece of land. The company would give the land to the highest bidder and then he became the ijardar.

The uprising of the Rangpur Dhing are given as follows:Debi Singh who was the Ijardar of Rangpur and Dinajpur practiced extremely harsh measures against the peasants.The peasants Sent a petition to the company asking for the relief but it did not result in any heed to the farmers grievances. This angered the farmers who ended up taking things into their own hands.

The effects of the Rangpur Dhing rebellion is given as follows:The uprising helps in bringing the weakness of the ijaradari system in light.Though all the rebellion was suppressed, the Government brought some of the reforms in the farming system.

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