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Home / IAS Preparation / Tribal & Peasant Movements in India

Tribal & Peasant Movements in India: List, Causes & Impacts - UPSC Notes

Last Updated on Feb 19, 2025
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Tribal and peasant movements in India have significantly contributed to the country's history. The economic hardships, social injustice, and political exploitation were the bases for these movements. These movements sought rights over land, resources, and a better life. Throughout history, different tribal and peasant communities have revolted against landlords, colonial rulers, and the government. These revolts have had crucial impacts on Indian history. These eventually led to reformation. Awareness of these movements teaches us a lot about struggles put up by regular people against atrocities.

This is a very important topic for the UPSC Civil Services Examination, most importantly General Studies Paper 1. This paper deals with Modern Indian History. It helps understand the resistance of groups against oppression and how they contributed to regional and national struggles through such movements.

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Syllabus

General Studies I

Topics for Prelims

Tribal Revolts, Peasant Uprisings, Indian National Movement

Topics for Mains

Impact of tribal and peasant movements Indian Freedom Struggle

List of Tribal and Peasant Movements in India

The following table gives some important Tribal and Peasant Movements in India. These are in chronological order. A brief description of each is as follows:

Year

Name of the Revolt or Uprising

Brief Description

Tribal Movements in India

1774-79

Pahariya Rebellion

First tribal rebellion in Bengal against British oppression and land revenue policies.

1784-85

Chuar Rebellion

Revolt by tribesmen in Bengal and Bihar against increased land revenue demands by the British East India Company.

1795

Bhil Rebellion

Armed struggle by Bhil tribe in Western India against British policies and local rulers.

1817-19

Koli Revolt

Rebellion by the Koli tribes in Gujarat against British rule and local atrocities.

1831-32

Kol Uprising

Rebellion against moneylender exploitation by cash merchants, landlords, and British officers in the Chotanagpur region.

1846

Khond Uprising

Rebellion in Orissa against British interference in social practices and questions about land.

1855-56

Santhal Rebellion

The greatest uprising led by Siddhu and Kanhu to protest against exploitation by British officers, landlords, and traders in Santhal areas.

1879-80

Naikada Movement

The Naikada tribe of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh revolted against British policies.

1899-1900

Munda Rebellion

Birsa Munda led a rebellion against forced labor and British exploitation.

1914-15

Tana Bhagat Movement

The Oraon tribe in Bihar and Bengal revolted against British and Christian missionaries.

1920-21

Chenchu Rebellion

Rebellion by Chenchu tribe against British forest policies in Andhra Pradesh.

1940-45

Gond Revolt

Revolt by the Gond tribe in central India against British colonial rule.

Peasant Movements in India

1820-21

Ramosi Rebellion

Revolt by Ramosi peasants in Maharashtra against British revenue policies.

1836-37

Pagal Panthis Rebellion

Uprising by the Pagal Panthis sect in Bengal against oppressive zamindars and British policies.

1859-63

Indigo Revolt

Bengal peasants protested against forced indigo cultivation contracts imposed by European planters.

1873-76

Pabna Movement

Revolt by peasants against oppressive practices of zamindars in the Pabna district of Bengal.

1875

Deccan Riots

Riots led by Maratha peasants in Poona and Ahmadnagar against moneylenders and British policies.

1917-18

Champaran Satyagraha

Gandhiji led the Tinkathia system, a movement in Bihar, which forced peasants to grow indigo.

1918

Kheda Satyagraha

Rebellion by the peasants of Gujarat against the British for tax remission due to crop failure.

1920-22

Awadh Kisan Movement

Led by Baba Ramchandra for ending landlordism in Awadh, Uttar Pradesh.

1921-22

Moplah Rebellion

The Mappila Muslims of Kerala rebelled against the Hindu landlords and the policies of the British.

1925

Bardoli Satyagraha

It was a peasants' tax revolt led by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel in Gujarat.

1936-37

Bakasht Land Movement

Bihar peasants' movement against landlords' efforts to evict tenants from 'bakasht' land.

1946-47

Tebhaga Movement

Sharecroppers of Bengal demanded two-thirds of the produce from landowners.

1964-67

Telangana Rebellion

Armed peasants' revolt in Telangana against feudal lords and the rule of Nizam.

1967

Naxalbari Uprising

Peasant agitation in West Bengal led by radical Communist leaders demanding land distribution and rights over resources.

1980s

Shetkari Sanghatana

Peasant movement in Maharashtra led by Sharad Joshi demanding fair prices for produce and subsidies.

Read the article on the Peasant Movements in the 19th Century!

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What are Tribal Movements?

Tribal movements refer to the collective actions and uprisings by indigenous tribes in India against outside forces such as:

  • colonial rulers,
  • landlords, and
  • government policies.

These movements were a way for tribes to protect their lands, natural resources, and way of life from exploitation and oppression.

Factors that Led to Tribal Uprisings

Several factors contributed to tribal uprisings in India:

  • Tribal lands were snatched and assigned to the non-tribals or big land owners. This forced tribals to migrate from their places and made them lose their earnings.
  • The tribals were exploited by the land owners, money lenders, and the colonial government with unfair practices, taxes, and forced labor.
  • Tribals faced discrimination and attempts to undermine their culture and social structure. This led to resentment.
  • Missions and enforced foreign laws destroyed the traditional lifestyles of the tribals. This forced them to rebel.
  • The restriction of forest utilization by the state government deprived the tribals of their traditional source of livelihoods, and protests erupted.

Read the article on the Programmes of Tribal Development!

Impact of Tribal Revolts

The tribal uprisings left deep impressions on Indian society and politics:

  • The government had to reassess its land and forest policies that led to enhanced protection of tribal lands and rights.
  • Strengthened demands for tribal autonomy and political representation, which led to the formation of a state like Jharkhand.
  • Provided support to the preservation and revival of tribal culture and traditions, underlining the need to protect indigenous identity.
  • Tribal uprisings drew attention to greater issues of exploitation and assisted the national freedom struggle.
  • Promoted enactments such as the PESA Act in 1996 and the Forest Rights Act in 2006 for tribal rights' protection and their participation in resource management.

Read the article on the Land Reform Policy in India!

What are Peasant Movements?

Peasant movements were collective actions and uprisings by farmers against landlords, colonial revenue policies, and post-independence economic policies that adversely affected their livelihood. These movements worked toward land reforms, equitable taxes, and relief from exploitation.

Factors that Led to Peasant Revolts

Key factors driving peasant revolts include:

  • High rents, illegal charges, and bonded labor by landlords led to widespread discontent among peasants.
  • High taxes and coercive farming practices imposed by colonial rulers caused great hardship for peasants.
  • Famine, high debts, and crop failures put a lot of pressure on peasants, often leading them to revolt.
  • Caste-based discrimination and denial of social and economic rights fuelled anger and resistance among peasants.
  • Influence of nationalist movements and political leaders helped peasants become aware and organize against their oppressors.

Read the article on the Tribal Land Issues!

Impact of Peasant Revolts

The peasant revolts had significant impacts on Indian society, politics, and governance:

  • Led the government to implement land reform policies, abolishing the Zamindari system and redistributing land to peasants.
  • Emphasized the necessity for better credit facilities and relief from exploitation by the moneylender. These subsequently led to cooperative credit societies and banks.
  • It fueled the initiation of policies for improving agriculture, for example, giving subsidies on the inputs and facilities for irrigation.
  • The grass-roots political movement was strengthened. This led to the establishment of peasant-based political parties that fought for the agrarian causes.
  • Contributed leaders and symbols to the national independence movement, integrating peasant struggles with the broader fight for freedom and social justice.

Read the article on the Tribal Policies!

Key Takeaways on Tribal & Peasant Movements in India for UPSC Aspirants

  • Economic Exploitation: The movements were mainly motivated by economic exploitation in the form of unfair land revenue, high rents, and forced labor among both tribals and peasants.
  • Social Injustice: Social oppression and discrimination formed a significant component of these uprisings. Movements against social inequality and injustices took place.
  • Political Awakening: The movements led to political awakening among the peasants and tribals, making them conscious of their rights and encouraging collective action.
  • Role of Leaders: Birsa Munda, Siddhu and Kanhu, and Mahatma Gandhi are some important leaders who made people's mobilization and movement very crucial for the cause.

Download the Key Takeaways PDF for Tribal & Peasant Movements in India!

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Tribal and Peasant Movements in India UPSC FAQs

Peasant and tribal movements refer to the collective uprisings by farmers and tribes against exploitation, unfair policies, and social injustices. These movements sought to secure rights over land and resources and improve living conditions.

Some of the tribal movements in India include Pahariya Rebellion, Santhal Rebellion, Munda Rebellion, and Tana Bhagat Movement, among others, that took place against colonial rulers, landlords, or the government.

Major Indian peasant movements include the Indigo Revolt, Champaran Satyagraha, Moplah Rebellion, Tebhaga Movement, and Naxalbari Uprising, the participant of each demanding better agriculture systems from the unjust agricultural systems.

Mahatma Gandhi would be considered often as the father of the Indian peasant movement mainly because of movements like Champaran Satyagraha and Kheda Satyagraha as they addressed agrarian distress due to farmer's grievances.

The Santhal Rebellion was a model for the organized resistance of the tribal community, and future movements took lessons from it for unity and struggle against exploitation.

The Tebhaga Movement influenced sharecropping practices, bringing discussions and reforms in tenancy laws and agrarian reforms in post-independence India, thereby improving the sharecroppers' conditions.
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