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Non-Aligned Movement - Member Countries, Principles, Objectives, Functioning , Phases & More!

Last Updated on Nov 12, 2024
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The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was established in 1961 during the Cold War era. It was created to promote the interests of developing nations. Over its initial thirty years, the Movement significantly contributed to the processes of decolonization, the emergence of new independent states, and the promotion of democracy in international relations.

The non-aligned movement is important from the perspective of UPSC IAS Examinations and falls under General Studies Paper 2 and particularly under the international relations section. In this article, we shall discuss in detail the non-aligned movement, its objectives, member countries, it’s functioning, reasons for its failure and its relevance in today’s geopolitical scenario. You can also register for the best coaching for history optional and begin your UPSC IAS preparation journey with Testbook.

 

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What is Non-Aligned Movement?

It is an international grouping of 120 developing countries. It was established at the Belgrade conference in 1961 under the presidency of Josip Bros Tito of Yugoslavia. It was created during the Cold War Era when a group of countries decided that they did not want to identify themselves with the US or USSR and to stay independent or neutral. The core concept was conceived in 1955 during the discussions at the Asia Africa Bandung conference in Indonesia. It was formalised under the leadership of Josip Bros Tito of Yugoslavia, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, and Sukarno of Indonesia. Its first conference was held in Belgrad in 1961. The Havana declaration of 1979 affirmed that the organisation’s goal was to protect “national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity, and security of non-aligned countries” in their fight against imperialism, colonialism, neocolonialism, racism, and all forms of foreign enslavement.

Also, study about the Important National and International Days and Dates from the linked article.

Member Countries of NAM

The founding members of a NAM were:

  • Yugoslavia,
  • India,
  • Egypt,
  • Ghana and
  • Indonesia.

At present, 120 nations are its members. Some of them are Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka Nepal Bhutan, Myanmar and Afghanistan. China has an observer status in NAM. All the African countries except for western Sahara and South Sudan are member nations of NAM. Among the European Nations, Azerbaijan and Belarus are the member states. Apart from member states, observer status is also being granted to organisations and governments like the United Nations African Union, Arab League Secretariat, organisation of Islamic cooperation and others.

The countries of NAM represent nearly two third of the United Nation members and 55% of the world population.

Also read about BIMSTEC for UPSC Exams.

Principles of NAM

The Non-Aligned Movement was guided by the Panchsheel principles and the principles were as follows:

  • Respect for the principles enshrined in the charter of the United Nations and international law.
  • Respect for the sovereignty sovereign equality and territorial integrity of all states.
  • Peaceful settlement of all international conflicts in accordance with the charter of the United Nations.
  • Respect for the political, economic, social and cultural diversity of countries and their people.
  • Defence and promotion of shared interests, justice and cooperation of the differences existing in the political, economic and social system of the states, on the basis of mutual trust and equality of rights.
  • Respect for the inherent right of individuals in accordance with the charter of the United Nations.
  • Non-interference in the internal affairs of States. No state has the right to intervene either directly or indirectly in the internal affairs of any other state.
  • Promotion and defence of multilateralism and multilateral organisations as the appropriate framework to resolve, through dialogue and cooperation, the problems affecting humankind.

Check out this article on Asian Development Bank for UPSC Exam here!

Objectives of NAM

The major objectives of NAM are as follows:

  • “To forge an autonomous route in international politics that would not result in Member States becoming pawns in the struggles between the big powers”
  • To create an independent path in world politics that would not result in member states becoming pawns in the struggle between the major powers.
  • To restructure the international economic order.
  • It identifies the struggle against imperialism and near colonialism and the use of moderation in relation to all the big powers.

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Functioning of NAM

There is no permanent Secretariat in Naam. The Summit conference of heads of state takes place every 3 years. The management rotates between the member Nations and is non-hierarchical. The decisions are taken through consensus and have to be substantial and not universal. Every member country has the same weightage and the chair is elected for a tenure of 3 years. It has a coordinating Bureau in New York City situated within the United Nations. The current chairperson of NAM is Azerbaijan.

Check out this article on UNCLOS for UPSC IAS Exam here!

Phases of Non-Aligned Movement

There were 3 phases of NAM, these are discussed in the sections below:

Phase 1

The first face lasted from India’s independence in 1947 to the end of the Indo-Pak war in 1965. The key political figure during this period was India’s first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.

Phase 2

This face started after Nehru’s death in 1964. During this phase, the key political figure was Indira Gandhi and India leaned towards the Soviet Union as the key International partner.

Phase 3

This face began after the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union. In this face, India moved closer to the USA in terms of geopolitical aspects.

NAM in The Cold War Era

The group played an important role during the cold war years in furthering many of the issues.

Against apartheid, it was prevalent in African countries like South Africa. This was on the agenda right from the first conference. During the second conference, the Government of South Africa was won against the discriminatory practices of apartheid.

Disarmament: NAM called for the cession of the arms race and for the peaceful coexistence of all states. In the general assembly, India submitted a draft resolution declaring that the use of nuclear weapons would be against the United Nations charter and should therefore be prohibited.

UNSC reforms: The grouping was in favour of USA reforms right from its Inception. It was against the domination of the US and USSR. It wanted the representation of third-world countries to make the UNSC more democratic and the demand was echoed at the 17th NAM conference in Venezuela.

Negative role

It could not prevent India Pakistan and the Indo-China war. Its members adopted diplomatic positions that were not favourable or supportive of India.

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India and The Non-Aligned Movement

India played an important role in the multilateral movement of colonies and newly independent countries that wanted to become part of NAM. India was a prominent participant in the meetings until the 1970s. The non-aligned movement was an effective means of promoting India’s diplomatic presence and securing economic assistance internationally. India’s ties to the former Soviet Union caused confusion among the smaller member states. This resulted in the weakening of NAM as smaller Nations inched closer either to the United State or the USSR. With the disintegration of the USSR, unipolar world order was created which was headed by the United State.

India’s new economic policy proactively shifted towards the United States and this created doubt about the country’s commitment to non-alignment. Furthermore, in a unipolar world, NAM lost its relevance for India particularly when the founding members failed to support India amid the crisis. Ghana and Indonesia took a Pro China attitude during the 1962 war. During the 1965 and 1971 conflicts, Indonesia and Egypt supported Pakistan and were anti-India.

Failure of NAM

The relevance of NAM began to be questioned in the current geopolitical scenario.

  • One of the principles of NAM was to respect the sovereignty of the member states. This has created many alignments among the countries due to the lack of a uniform structure.
  • It could not prevent regional confrontations.
  • There is a tendency among NAM to ignore the Human Rights violations committed by the member states.
  • It failed to establish an international economic order.
  • It could not stop the arms race or bring an end to nuclear proliferation.
  • The grouping did not participate in economic and trade aspects nor did it take up any diplomatic initiative.
  • It did not take up issues like child exploitation and gender issues.

Also read other international organizations: International Solar Alliance

 

Relevance of NAM

NAM continues to hold relevance due to its principles.

  • Third world nation: The third world Nations fighting against social and economic problems since they have been exploited for a long time. Now after does a protector for these third world Nations against the West hegemony.
  • Territorial integrity and sovereignty: NAM stands with his principle and has proved its relevance with the idea of preserving the independence of every Nation-state.
  • World peace: NAM has played an active role in preserving world peace. It still stands by its founding principles to establish a happy and prosperous World. It has prohibited the invasion of any country and promoted disarmament and sovereign world order.
  • Equitable world order: It has promoted equitable world order and has acted as a bridge between the political and ideological differences existing in the international environment.
  • The interest of the developing Nations: NAM acted as a platform for negotiating and concluding disputes peacefully in case of any disputes between the developed and the developing Nations. It also ensures favourable decisions for each member nation.
  • Sustainable development: It has supported the concept of Sustainable development and led the world towards sustainability. the platform can be used to make a consensus on global issues like climate change migration and global terrorism.
  • Economic growth: The platform can lead to higher and sustainable economic growth among the member states.

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Non-Aligned Movement FAQs

The core concept of NAM was conceived in 1955 during the discussions at the Asia Africa Bandung conference in Indonesia. It was formalised under the leadership of Josip Bros Tito of Yugoslavia, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, and Sukarno of Indonesia.

The founding members of a NAM were:Yugoslavia,India,Egypt,Ghana andIndonesia.

The major objectives of NAM are as follows:"To forge an autonomous route in international politics that would not result in the Member States becoming pawns in the struggles between the big powers”To create an independent path in world politics that would not result in member states becoming pawns in the struggle between the major powers.To restructure the international economic order.

Territorial integrity and sovereignty: NAM stands with his principle and has proved its relevance with the idea of preserving the independence of every Nation-state.World peace: NAM has played an active role in preserving world peace. It still stands by its founding principles to establish a happy and prosperous World. It has prohibited the invasion of any country and promoted disarmament and sovereign world order.Equitable world order: It has promoted equitable world order and has acted as a bridge between the political and ideological differences existing in the international environment.

It could not prevent regional confrontations.There is a tendency among NAM to ignore the Human Rights violations committed by the member states.It failed to establish an international economic order.It could not stop the arms race or bring an end to nuclear proliferation.The grouping did not participate in if and trade aspects nor did it take up any diplomatic initiative.
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