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Home / IAS Preparation / Nature Of State During Medieval India

Nature Of State During Medieval India: Delhi Sultanate And Mughal Empire For UPSC!

Last Updated on Jan 02, 2024
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The nature of state during Medieval India was diverse and complex, varying across regions and ruling dynasties. It witnessed the emergence of powerful empires and kingdoms. The state was generally characterized by a centralized and hierarchical structure, where the ruler held ultimate authority. The state relied on a complex bureaucracy to manage its affairs, and law and order were enforced through a system of courts and police. Religion played a significant role in the functioning of the state, with rulers often patronizing different religious communities. 

In this article, we will learn about the nature of state during Medieval India. This forms a significant part of the UPSC IAS exam. UPSC Prelims and UPSC Mains Paper I have many questions about this topic. It is also an important topic for UPSC History Optional and essential for the UGC NET History exam. Every year over 5-7 questions on political history are in the question paper.

Nature Of State Under Delhi Sultanate

The Delhi Sultanate was a period of Islamic rule in India that lasted from the 13th to the 16th century. During this time, the nature of state underwent significant changes. The Delhi Sultanate was founded by Qutub-ud-din Aibak in 1206. It was initially a military state with a centralized government. Aibak was succeeded by a series of other sultans who continued to expand the empire through conquest.

  • The nature of state changed over time. The early sultans focused on consolidating power, while later, sultans worked to establish a stable administration. This included creating a complex bureaucracy and developing a legal system.
  • The Delhi Sultanate was an Islamic state. It was ruled by Muslim sultans who saw themselves as defenders of Islam. They imposed a tax on non-Muslims called the jizya, which helped fund their military campaigns.
  • The Sultans were absolute rulers. They had complete control over the state and its citizens. They were advised by a council of ministers but ultimately made all decisions themselves.
  • The state was organized into provinces called Iqtas. Each Iqta was ruled by a governor who was appointed by the sultan. The governor had a lot of power and was responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining law and order, and protecting the province from invasion.
  • The Delhi Sultanate was a feudal state. The sultans granted land to their nobles in exchange for military service. The nobles were called mansabdars, and they were ranked according to the number of soldiers they could provide to the army.
  • The Delhi Sultanate was a wealthy state. It was located on major trade routes and was home to many skilled artisans. The Sultans built impressive monuments, such as the Qutub Minar and the Red Fort, which still stand today.
  • The Delhi Sultanate was a diverse state. It was home to people of many different religions, including Hindus, Buddhists, Jains, and Christians. While the sultans were Muslim, they allowed religious freedom and many non-Muslims served in the administration.

The nature of state in the Delhi Sultanate was complex and ever-changing. It was initially a military state but evolved into a stable administration with a complex bureaucracy and legal system. The sultans were absolute rulers who imposed a tax on non-Muslims and granted land to their nobles in exchange for military service. The state was wealthy and diverse, with people of many different religions living together in relative harmony.

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Nature Of State Under The Mughal Empire

The Mughal Empire was a powerful state in South Asia. It was a centralized, bureaucratic and authoritarian state. The state was ruled by an emperor who had absolute power. The emperor was the head of the state and the government. The state was based on the principle of divine right. The emperor was considered to be appointed by God to rule over the people. 

  • The Mughal Empire was a highly structured society. The state was divided into provinces. Each province was governed by a governor who was appointed by the emperor. The governor was responsible for the administration and the collection of taxes. The provinces were further divided into districts. The districts were governed by a district officer who was responsible for maintaining law and order. 
  • The state was highly centralized. The emperor had absolute power over the state. He was the final authority on all matters. The emperor had a council of ministers who advised him on various matters. The council of ministers was made up of the most trusted and able advisors of the emperor. 
  • The Mughal state was highly bureaucratic. The state had a large number of officials who were responsible for the administration of the state. The officials were appointed on the basis of merit. The officials were given positions based on their qualifications and abilities. 
  • The Mughal state was highly authoritarian. The state had strict laws and regulations. The state was intolerant of any dissent. The state had a powerful army which was used to maintain law and order. The state also had powerful secret police, which were used to spy on the people. 
  • The Mughal state was also highly religious. The state was based on the principle of divine right. The emperor was considered to be appointed by God to rule over the people. The state was tolerant of other religions. The state had a policy of religious tolerance. The state also had a policy of religious patronage. 

The Mughal Empire was a highly centralized, bureaucratic and authoritarian state. The state was ruled by an emperor who had absolute power. The state was highly structured and divided into provinces and districts. The state was highly religious and based on the principle of divine right. The state had a policy of religious tolerance and religious patronage.

Conclusion

The nature of state in medieval India was complex and diverse. It was characterized by a centralized and hierarchical structure, with the ruler holding ultimate authority. The state relied on a complex bureaucracy and a system of courts and police to maintain law and order. Religion played a significant role, with rulers often patronizing different religious communities. Despite variations across regions and dynasties, the state in medieval India was marked by continuity and change, and its legacies continue to shape modern India.

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Nature Of State FAQs

The state was characterized by a centralized and hierarchical structure, with the ruler holding ultimate authority.

A system of courts and police was used to maintain law and order.

Religion played a significant role, with rulers often patronizing different religious communities.

Yes, there was regional variation across different dynasties and regions.

The legacies of the state continue to shape modern India.
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