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Home / IAS Preparation / Difference between Fascism and Nazism

Difference Between Fascism and Nazism

Last Updated on Jun 26, 2025
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The European political crisis led to the evolution of two powerful, violent ideologies of Fascism and Nazism. The political movements based on Fascism and Nazism ideologies appeared throughout Europe after World War I. However, the fascist and Nazi governments came to power only in Italy and Germany. The difference between Fascism and Nazism lies primarily in their ideological focuses.

The difference between Fascism and Nazism is a relevant topic for the UPSC Exam. The question can be asked from the difference between Fascism and Nazism in the GS-1 paper from the part of World history. 

In this topic, we will learn about Nazism, Fascism, similarities, and differences between Nazism and Fascism. The UPSC aspirants can also take the help of Testbook's UPSC CSE Coaching. This can help boost their UPSC Exam preparation!

Click on the link to download the World History Notes for UPSC!

GS Paper

General Studies Paper I

Topics for UPSC Prelims

Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, Fascism in Italy, Nazism in Germany, Neo-fascism, Neo-Nazism

Topics for UPSC Mains

Social structures, Post-WWII consequences, Evolution of totalitarian regimes, Human rights violations

What is Nazism? 

Nazism refers to the political ideology associated with the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP). This was under the leadership of Adolf Hitler in Germany from 1933 to 1945. Nazism promoted extreme nationalism, anti-Semitism, and the belief in the superiority of the Aryan race. It sought to establish a totalitarian state with Hitler as the absolute dictator. 

Characteristics of Nazism

The key characteristics of Nazism include:

  • Extreme Nationalism
  • Dictatorship and totalitarian governments
  • Racism based on white superiority
  • Territorial Expansionism
  • Religious expulsion, inclined towards one particular religion
  • Anti Semitism
  • Mass appeal

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What is Fascism?

Fascism is a political ideology characterized by dictatorial power, strong nationalism, and the suppression of opposition. It originated in early 20th-century Europe, particularly in Italy under Benito Mussolini. Fascist regimes prioritize the nation or state over individual rights and freedoms. It often uses propaganda, censorship, and violence to maintain control. They promote a hierarchical society with a strong leader and a centralized government. 

Click on the link to download the notes on the Roman Empire for UPSC!

Pillars of Fascism

According to Benito Mussolini, the fascist ideology is based on 3 main pillars. They are,

  • Everything in the state
  • Nothing outside the state
  • Nothing against the state

Characteristics of Fascism

The fascism ideology has the following characteristics, 

  • Fascism believes in the supremacy of nation and race over the individual
  • It calls for the centralized, authoritarian, and dictatorial government
  • It revolves around a Strong and charismatic leader
  • It suppresses opposition, freedom of speech and assembly.
  • Strong social regulations, ex. Segregation of people based on race, religion, etc.
  • The crucial role of heroes
  • Strong attachment to moral, nationalistic values
  • The glory of the state over the individual
  • The individual is required to put the interest of the state before his personal goals
  • Unique Economy
  • economy and production are controlled by a Strong government 
  • investment and industries are strongly influenced by the state 
  • Businesses need to work for the enhancement of the country to receive the support of the government
  • Opposition to the free market economy
  • Preference is given to national welfare, and international trade that harms national trade is opposed 

Study the article Jacobins here.

Difference Between Fascism and Nazism

Although fascism and nazism are the faces of the same coin, these ideologies have some differences.

Difference Between Fascism and Nazism

Fascism 

Nazism 

Fascism traced its origin from the word fascio, which means a bundle of sticks.

It also symbolizes power in the ancient Roman empire.

Nazism comes from the beliefs of the German political party called the NAZI party.

The ideology was inspired by the Spartan's ideology. It focuses on national purity and elite minority rule.

Nazism subscribed to theories of racial hierarchy and Social Darwinism.

It was based on Statism. Ideology centered on the base that the state is all-embracing and totalitarian. 

Fascism is not racial and holds no strong opinion of any race.

It was based on racism. The Nazis would openly support the Aryan race and regarded Jews and other races as inferior to them. 

All military forces officials were Christians.

The preservation of the class system in society was the main pillar of fascism. It was ruled by elites belonging to all races, cultures and creeds.

The Nazai ideology believed in a class society that was based on race. It considers the Aryan race as masters and others races as their slaves.

The supremacy of the state is most emphasized in fascist ideology. It calls for an extreme form of nationalism that is a blend of all races and cultures.

Nationalism was based on the supremacy of the Aryan race. Racial segregation was used to undermine existing legal standards and bureaucratic order.

It can be understood as a form of socialism with a capitalist veneer.

It is a form of fascism. It can be understood as Nazism is Fascism with an element of racism as one of its main ingredients.

It believes in corporatism. They argue that the ideology should incorporate and bind up all the social elements to achieve the goal of an organic state.

The state has an instrumental role in preserving and propagating racial segregation.

Example- Italy 

Example- Germany 

Leaders- Benito Mussolini. Oswald Mosley.

Leader- Adolf Hitler, Joseph Mengele

Social mobility is possible in fascist ideology.

Social mobility was possible for the Aryans only. It was against the social mobility of Jews and other races.

The goal of fascist Italy was grain self-sufficiency, population expansion, the value of the lire, and complete Italian domination of the Mediterranean Sea.

The goal of Nazi Germany was to neutralize the perceived Jewish biological, cultural, and economic threat and the aggressive outward expansion in Eastern Europe.

Fascism does not impact the existing culture of society. There was no official doctrine to purge literature, the arts, or the universities except against overt opponents.

Nazism believes in destroying the multi-ethnic culture. It destroyed the art and literature of artists of other races.

Learn more about the Causes of the Second World War here. 

Similarities Between Nazism and Fascism

The ideology of Fascism and Nazism originated from profound anxieties about the disintegration of the social order, nation or racial unit. Thus they also shared many characteristics.

  • The presence of charismatic leaders is a must for their growth. The leader itself becomes the representative of the nation or race; 
  • The single-party rule in the country. All other parties and oppositions are suppressed. 
  • The control of mass communications and propaganda lies in the hands of the state.
  • State absorption of all independent social, leisure time, and professional activity
  • Independent labour organizations are banned.
  • The economy is influenced by the state within the context of private ownership; 
  • The mobilization of society for war against domestic and foreign enemies.

Know the Difference Between Marxism and Communism with the linked article!

Key Takeaways for UPSC Aspirants

  • Ideological Base:
    • Fascism: It is based on the superiority of the state, with a centralized strong leader, and aims at unifying the nation under a totalitarian regime.
    • Nazism: It is built upon the principles of fascism but adds a strong racial flavor, emphasizing Aryan supremacy and anti-Semitic ideologies.
  • Leadership and Founders: Fascism was founded by Benito Mussolini in Italy in the early 1920s, with the focus on national rejuvenation and authoritarian rule. Nazism was established by Adolf Hitler in Germany and was developed through the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) based on the ideas about racial purity and expansionism.
  • Economic Policies: Fascism supports a controlled economy with corporatist policies, where the state is in charge of relationships between capital and labor. Nazism has a state-directed economy, very much dependent on rearmament and exploitation of occupied territories, and has very aggressive campaigns for autarky.
  • Minority Treatments: Fascism is Authoritarian and nationalistic, it does not necessarily adopt uniform policies toward ethnic or racial groups, varies by context. Nazism implements systemic racial laws, which culminated in the Holocaust, aimed at the extermination of Jews and other undesirable groups.
  • Militarism and Expansion: Fascism is militaristic with the aim of restoring national pride and expanding territories but lacks a racial component in its foreign policy. Nazism is extremely militaristic, with the idea of Lebensraum (living space) for Aryans, resulting in aggressive expansion and World War II.
  • Propaganda Techniques: Fascism has a state-controlled propaganda that glorifies the leader, national unity, and state supremacy. Nazism has a propaganda with a twist of anti-Semitic and racist ideology, where Aryan supremacy is glorified and enemies, especially Jews, are demonized.
  • Cultural and Ideological Control: Fascism exercises control over the cultural and ideological representations within the state to promote nationalistic pride and loyalty to the regime. Nazism manipulates culture and ideology very intensely in promoting racial purity, Aryan supremacy, and the Nazi vision.
  • International Heritage: Fascism has had a legacy of authoritarian regimes in several countries, influencing many 20th-century dictators. Nazism has left an unparalleledly terrible heritage with the Holocaust and World War II. It drew world-wide condemnation and created a profound impact on international law and human rights norms.

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Difference between Fascism and Nazism FAQs

Fascism is an ideology that calls for strong authoritarian government control over the state. It is more than dictatorship as it involves authoritarianism with a dominant bureaucracy and economic control.

Nazism is a type of fascism. Both political ideologies call for a totalitarian government and need charismatic leaders. They are against democracy, communism, marxism, individual rights, etc.

Nazism is fascism with an element of racism as one of its main proponents. Thus nazism shares all characteristics with fascism, such as authoritarianism, media control, suppression of opposition and free speech.

The consequences of fascism are the destruction of liberal democracies, freedom of speech, a multi-party system, strong nationalistic government, etc.

The major cause of fascism includes socio-political instability, perceived fear of disintegration of state unity, fractured political parties, charismatic leaders, etc.
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