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Home / IAS Preparation / Malaria and Dengue

Difference Between Malaria and Dengue: All Details for UPSC!

Last Updated on Jan 13, 2024
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Malaria and dengue pose significant threats to global public health. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates annual dengue infections to range from 100 to 400 million. Approximately 50 per cent of the world's population is at risk of dengue. As per WHO data, in 2019, there were an estimated 229 million cases of Malaria worldwide.

The difference between Malaria and Dengue is an important topic of the science section in the UPSC examination and falls under GS Paper 1 of prelims and GS Paper 3 of mains.

Difference between Dengue and Malaria

The difference between Dengue and Malaria is given in a table form, highlighting the main differences between dengue and Malaria:

Basis of Difference

Dengue

Malaria

Causative Agent

Dengue virus

Plasmodium parasites

Vector

Aedes mosquitoes

Anopheles mosquitoes

Regions

Mostly urban areas

Rural and some urban areas

Fever Pattern

Sudden onset with high fever

Cyclic fever with chills and sweating

Additional Symptoms

Severe headache, joint and muscle pain

Nausea, vomiting, fatigue

Rash

Common, typically seen after fever subsides

Uncommon

Complications

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) or Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS)

Severe anemia, cerebral Malaria, organ failure

Diagnosis

Blood tests (NS1 antigen, IgM/IgG antibodies)

Blood tests (thick and thin smears)

Treatment

Supportive care, fluids, rest, pain relief

Antimalarial medications

Prevention

Mosquito control, eliminating breeding sites

Mosquito control, bed nets, repellents


 

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About Dengue

Dengue is caused by dengue virus. The virus is transmitted to people by infected Aedes mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti). Tropical and subtropical regions are highly prone to dengue. Dengue is a serious problem in India too. Dengue virus belongs to the Flaviviridae family of viruses. DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4 are the four different serotypes that exist. Any of these serotypes can cause infections. Multiple infections with various serotypes might make the condition worse.

Female Aedes mosquitoes acquire the dengue virus from human blood. 

  • Within the mosquito, the virus multiplies and replicates. 
  • During incubation, the virus proliferates in the mosquito. 
  • After incubation, the mosquito can transmit the virus.
  • The virus infects immune cells and replicates inside them. 
  • Subsequently, the virus spreads throughout the body, causing dengue symptoms.

Dengue cannot be transmitted directly between people. The virus primarily spreads through mosquitoes (primary vector). Still, in rare instances, transmission can occur through:

  • Blood transfusions
  • Organ transplants
  • From infected mothers to their newborns during delivery

Aedes mosquitoes, responsible for dengue transmission, are most active during daylight. They have peak biting periods in the early morning and late afternoon. These mosquitoes commonly breed in stagnant water sources like open containers, discarded tires, and flower pots, where they lay their eggs. This makes it crucial to eliminate or properly manage these breeding sites to prevent the spread of dengue.

Major Symptoms of Dengue

Some of the symptoms of dengue are discussed in the table below:

Symptoms

Description

High Fever
  • The fever can reach temperatures up to 104°F (40°C).
  • This fever typically persists for multiple days.

Severe Headache
  • The headaches are usually felt behind the eyes.
  • They can be persistent and intensify with eye movements.

Joint and Muscle Pain
  • The pain is often described as severe aches.
  • This symptom is why dengue is known as "breakbone fever."

Rash
  • The rash typically emerges a few days after fever onset.
  • It is characterized by flat, red patches on the skin.
  • The rash can either cover the entire body or be localized to specific areas.

Mild Bleeding
  • Nosebleeds, bleeding gums, and easy bruising are common.
  • The virus affects blood vessels and platelet levels, causing this.
  • These symptoms arise from the impact of the virus.

Fatigue and Exhaustion
  • Those affected often experience feelings of weakness and lethargy.
  • The virus induces a state of profound tiredness.

About Malaria

Mosquitoes transmit Malaria. Parasites from the Plasmodium genus cause it. Female Anopheles mosquitoes spread it to humans. Malaria is a significant global health issue. It particularly affects tropical and subtropical regions. Many parts of India experience a high prevalence of Malaria. Multiple Plasmodium parasite species cause Malaria. Female Anopheles mosquitoes transmit the disease to humans. The parasites travel to the liver, where they mature and multiply. They return to the bloodstream from the liver and invade red blood cells. This invasion causes the red blood cells to rupture. The released parasites continue the cycle of multiplication and destruction. The characteristic symptoms of Malaria arise from this process.

Malaria is not directly transmitted between individuals. Mosquitoes play a crucial role as the primary vector. They carry and transmit Malaria parasites to humans. However, there are rare instances of transmission through: 

  • Blood transfusions
  • Organ transplants
  • From an infected mother to her baby during childbirth

Major Symptoms of Malaria

Malaria exhibits diverse symptoms influenced by the parasite type and immune response. The onset typically happens between 7 to 30 days after the mosquito bite. Symptom intensity varies based on these factors. Various symptoms of Malaria are discussed in the table below.

Symptoms 

Description

High Fever
  • It can manifest as recurring episodes with high temperatures.
  • The fever often follows a cyclical pattern.
  • Intervals of feeling normal or experiencing chills may occur.

Chills and Sweats
  • Intense chills can occur in individuals with Malaria. Following the chills, profuse sweating is common.
  • These symptoms often accompany fever episodes.

Headache
  • These headaches can be persistent and throbbing in nature.
  • Flu-like symptoms often accompany the headaches.

Fatigue and Weakness
  • Malaria can result in feelings of exhaustion, weakness, and fatigue.
  • These sensations may persist even after the fever resolves.

Muscle and Joint Pain
  • Malaria infection can cause muscle and joint pain.
  • This pain can make movements uncomfortable and painful.

Nausea and Vomiting
  • A patient may feel Nausea, vomiting, and stomach discomfort.

Anemia
  • Malaria can result in anemia. This leads to a decrease in red blood cells.
  • Anemia can lead to weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, and fatigue.

In some severe cases, additional symptoms of Malaria can be observed. These may include jaundice, seizures, confusion, organ failure, and coma. Prompt treatment is crucial as severe Malaria can be life-threatening.

Conclusion

Dengue and Malaria are mosquito-borne diseases with global health risks. They are prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions. Although sharing similarities, there are notable differences between the diseases. Differentiating between them is crucial for appropriate management. Accurate diagnosis through laboratory tests is essential. Public health efforts should focus on awareness, vector control, and prevention.

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Difference Between Dengue and Malaria FAQs

One of the similarities between Malaria and dengue is that both are caused by mosquitoes. The important difference between Malaria and dengue is that Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites, while dengue is caused by the dengue virus.

We can not say Malaria is more effective than dengue or vice versa, as both are serious diseases with unique impacts.

Yes. It is possible to be infected with both diseases simultaneously. However, co-infection cases are rare.

Prevention strategies for both diseases involve control mosquito populations by removing breeding sites. Use bed nets treated with insecticide to prevent mosquito bites. Wear protective clothing to minimize skin exposure to mosquitoes.

No. As of now, there is no licensed vaccine available for Malaria. Ongoing research and clinical trials are exploring vaccine options. Vaccines for dengue have been approved in some countries. The availability of dengue vaccines varies from region to region.
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