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Home / IAS Preparation / Demographic Structure Of Indian Society

The Demographic Structure Of Indian Society In Medieval Times Notes For UPSC Exam!

Last Updated on Dec 04, 2024
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It is impossible to study any period of economic history without taking demographic factors into account. Population increase is frequently regarded as a key indicator of economic growth in pre-modern countries. The demographic structure of Indian society in medieval times should be studied for better understanding. As a result, it is acceptable to make an attempt at estimating the Indian population using the quantitative or other data types that are currently at our disposal. 

In this article, we will explore the features of the demographic structure of Indian society in medieval times. This forms a significant part of the UPSC IAS exam, and questions related to this topic are seen in Prelims, UPSC Mains Paper I, and UPSC History Optional. This topic is equally essential for the UGC NET History exam, as 5-6 questions are asked every year about the political history of India.

The Demographic Structure Of Indian Society In Medieval Times

With the aid of the ain-i Akbari data, Moreland made the initial attempt to estimate the demographic structure of Indian society in medieval times. On the basis of the numbers provided in the A'in, he attempted to estimate the population of Northern India. This attempt to estimate the demographic structure of Indian society in medieval times includes data for Arazi (measured area), which the author took to be an estimate of the gross cropped area. 

  • He came to the conclusion that there were 30 to 40 million people living from "Multan to Monghyr" at the end of the 16th century by comparing the Arazi with the gross cultivation at the very start of this century and assuming that the scale of cultivation and the quantity of the population had remained constant throughout the intervening period. This shows the demographic structure of Indian society in medieval times.
  • Moreland based his projections for the Deccan and South India on the military prowess of the Vijaynagar Empire and the Deccan Sultanates. He calculated the demographic structure of Indian society in medieval times using the fairly arbitrary ratio of 1:30 between military and civilians. 
  • He estimated the population of Akbar's Empire in 1600 at 60 million and that of India as a whole at 100 million, after accounting for those provinces that were part of India before 1947 but were not included in his two fundamental presumptions. 
  • These projections were generally accepted. But Moreland's fundamental presumptions are questionable. 
  • He bases his population estimate for Northern India on the supposition that only cultivated land was measured and that the Mughal government completed the process in all areas for which numbers are available.
  • The Arazi of the A'in, which contained, in addition to the existing cultivated land, fallows and some cultivable and uncultivable waste, has been demonstrated on the basis of textual as well as statistical data. Furthermore, not all of the measurements were done everywhere.
  • As a result, Moreland's attempt to estimate the demographic structure of Indian society in medieval times is largely discredited. It is even weaker for South India and the Deccan. The military-to-civilian ratio is not only arbitrary but also unreliable. 
  • Given how unpredictable the military-to-civilian ratios are in contemporary regimes and economies, it seems particularly foolish to compare it to pre-World War I France and Germany. Additionally, Moreland's estimate of the number of troops in the Deccan kingdoms was based on very broad assertions made by European travelers. 
  • Another attempt to estimate the demographic structure of Indian society in medieval times was made by Desai. He made a big effort to estimate the population using various types of data. This needed a number of intricate presumptions. Desai initially examined the prices and earnings stated in the Ain and then the all-India average prices and salaries of the early 1960s in order to determine the buying power of the lowest urban wages. Abul Fazl's yields and crop rates gave him a way to calculate the overall food consumption in Akbar's time, which was only a fifth of what it was in the 1960s.
  • He discovered that the area's productivity per unit should have been 25% to 30% higher. He can then estimate that agriculture had twice as high productivity per worker as other industries. His attempt to estimate the demographic structure of Indian society in medieval times resulted in better assumptions. 
  • The population of the Empire comes out to be roughly 65 million when the total Jama (which Desai treats as the total land revenue) is divided by this estimated per capita revenue, which supports Moreland's estimate.
  • Alan Heston and Shireen Moosvi have challenged Desai's presumptions and methodology. The main criticism from Heston is that the yields for 1595 have been exaggerated.
  • Shireen Moosvi raises some more serious criticisms, pointing out that he compared 16th-century data with figures from the entire country of India today. Given that the A'in's rates and wages are those of the imperial camp, they also apply to Agra (and perhaps Lahore). It is undoubtedly improper to compare these to the current average for all of India. 
  • Similar to this, the A'in's regular crop rates only extended to the area surrounding Sher Shah's capital city of Delhi or, at most, to the area where the later Dastur-ul Amals were in effect, which was primarily Uttar Pradesh.
  • Punjab and Haryana. As a result, these cannot be compared to all-India yields of the demographic structure of Indian society in medieval times. Desai did not differentiate between the Zabt provinces and the other regions, where the tax incidence may have been at a completely different level while dividing the total Jama of the Empire by the land tax per capita. 
  • His belief that the Jama was equal to the whole land revenue needs to be refuted because the reason for which it was set only allowed for an estimate of the net income from tax realization by the jagirdars to whom the revenue was allocated. 

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Demographic Structure Of India

The percentage of the population that lives in cities is again not directly available. Ifran Habib has attempted to estimate the demographic structure of Indian society using the consumption patterns of agricultural products. Although the Mughal ruling class tended to claim half of the entire agricultural output, the rural sector did not lose access to all of it. He thinks that approximately 15% of the entire population lives in cities, based on the assumption that about a quarter of all agricultural output goes to towns and the greater raw material content of the agricultural output consumed there. 

In his Tabaqat-i Akbari, Nizamuddin Ahmad (about 1593) claims that there were 3,200 townships and 120 large towns under Akbar's Empire. The average population of these 3,200 towns works out to roughly 5000 apiece when the population of Akbar's Empire is taken to be close to 100 million and the urban population to be 15% of it. However, there were numerous large towns within the Mughal Empire.

Conclusion

To address the concerns voiced, Shireen Moosvi altered Ashok Desai's technique. She estimates that there were 145 million people living in India and 100 million people in Akbar's Empire. It's interesting to note that, when compared to other European nations, India's population grew at a rate that was by no means slow in the 16th century. Thus, the Indian economy was not entirely static. 

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The Demographic Structure Of Indian Society FAQs

Whether it is religion, caste, language, culture, custom, eating habits, or anything else, Indian society's structure is variable.

It made an effort to change the rate and pattern of population in a direction that was socially desirable. Its goals were to regulate the population and spread information in a way that was deemed acceptable by society.

The shortage of resources needed to support the entire world population, the consequences of climate change, contamination, and population aging are the key problems brought on by the conclusion of the demographic transition.

Demographic structure, also known as population age structure, explains the age distribution of a population.

The formulation and execution of governmental policies, particularly those for economic growth and general welfare, depend on demographic data.

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