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Home / IAS Preparation / Deccan Sultanates

Deccan Sultanates - Learn About The Background, Important Rulers, Culture And More

Last Updated on Oct 16, 2024
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The Deccan Sultanates were five medieval Indian kingdoms on the Deccan Plateau, ruled by Muslim dynasties: Ahmadnagar, Berar, Bidar, Bijapur, and Golconda. They emerged after the breakup of the Bahmani Sultanate, with Ahmadnagar declaring independence in 1490, followed by Bijapur and Berar in the same year. Golconda became independent in 1518, and Bidar in 1528. While all five sultanates were under Muslim rule, their founders hailed from diverse, often non-Muslim origins. The Ahmadnagar Sultanate was established by a Deccani Muslim of Brahmin origins, Berar by a Kannadiga Hindu Brahmin raised as a Deccani Muslim, Bidar by a Georgian slave, Bijapur by a Georgian slave purchased by Mahmud Gawan, and Golconda had its origins in Iranian Turkmen heritage.

In this article, we will explore the history of the Golkonda kingdom. This forms a significant part of the UPSC IAS exam, and questions related to this topic are seen in Prelims, UPSC Mains Paper I, and UPSC History Optional. This topic is equally essential for the UGC NET History exam, as 5-6 questions are asked every year about the political history of India.

Let us first look at the Deccan Sultanate Map to get a better idea.

Fig: Deccan Sultanate Map

About Deccan Sultanate

In the 14th century, the northern section of the Deccan plateau was under the rule of the Muslim Bahmani Sultanate and the Sultanate of Khandesh, while the southern part was governed by the Hindu Vijayanagar Empire. As the Bahmani Sultanate disintegrated in the 15th century, it gave rise to five distinct Sultanates: Ahmadnagar (Nizam Shahi dynasty), Berar, Bidar, Bijapur (the Adil Shahi Dynasty), and Golconda (the Qutb Shahi Dynasty).

Ahmednagar declared its independence in 1490, followed by Bijapur and Berar in the same year. Golconda asserted its independence in 1518, and Bidar was the last to do so in 1528. While these Sultanates were primarily rivals, they unified against the formidable Vijayanagara Empire in 1565, significantly weakening it in the enduring Battle of Talikota.

Ahmednagar Sultanate

Malik Ahmed Shah Bahri founded the Deccan Sultanate of Ahmadnagar on May 28, 1490, after defeating the Bahmani Army. On the northwest corner of the Deccan plateau, between the sultanates of Gujarat and Bijapur, lay the Deccan Sultanate of Ahmadnagar. The Nizam Shahi dynasty's initial capital was Junnar, but Bahri later laid the cornerstone for the new city, Ahmednagar, in 1494.

Murtaza Shah annexed Berar in 1574. After Chand Bibi's death in 1599, the Mughal invasion was successfully repelled. Chand Bibi had already defended the Nizam Shahi dynasty against it in 1596.

Murtaza Shah II was proclaimed sultan in the year 1600, and afterwards, Khadki became the dynasty's new capital. In 1636 AD, Aurangzeb, the Mughal viceroy of Deccan, eventually overthrew the Deccan Sultanate of Ahmadnagar.

Major Rulers

  • Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I (1490–1510)
  • Burhan Nizam Shah I (1510–1553)
  • Hussain Nizam Shah I (1553–1565)
  • Murtaza Nizam Shah I (1565–1588)
  • Miran Nizam Hussain (1588–1589)

Sultanate Of Bijapur

Ismail Adil Shah established the Deccan Sultanate of Bijapur, often known as the Adil Shahi dynasty, in 1490. The Adil Shahi Dynasty governed the region from 1490 until 1686. The Bijapur Sultanate, whose capital was in Bijapur, was located in the southwest of India. When the Bahmani Sultanate broke apart after 1518, Ismail Adil Shah founded a separate sultanate on behalf of the Adil Shahis, who had previously served as regional governors of the Bahmani Sultanate. Ismail Adil Shah and his successors added numerous monuments to the capital city of Bijapur.

Ibrahim Adil Shah, I adopted the Deccani Muslim identity and fully embraced Sunni Islam, the Deccani Muslims' faith. He broke with his predecessor's customs and instituted a number of novel political and religious measures, abandoning earlier Shia customs and reinstating Sunni Islamic customs. He demoted the majority of the Afaqi sect and enlisted Deccani Muslims in its place. Aurangzeb finally annexed the Bijapur Sultanate later in 1686 AD.

Major Rulers

  • Yusuf Adil Shah (1490–1510)
  • Ismail Adil Shah (1510–1534)
  • Mallu Adil Shah (1534–1535)
  • Ibrahim Adil Shah I (1535–1558)
  • Ali Adil Shah I (1558–1580)

Sultanate Of Berar

Around 1490, Fath-Ullah Imad-ul-Mulk established the Berar Sultanate, which was governed by the Imad Shahi dynasty. The capital of the Berar Sultanate was established in Achalpur by Fath-Ullah Imad-ul-Mulk, who also strengthened Gavilgad and Narnala. Ala-ud-din, Imad-ul-eldest Mulk's son, succeeded him after his death in 1504. Ala-ud-din repulsed Ahmadnagar's invasion in 1528 with the aid of Gujarati King Bahadur Shah. In an effort to stop Ahmadnagar's aggression, the following queen of Berar, Darya, initially tried to form an alliance with Bijapur, but she was unsuccessful. Eventually, he supported Ahmednagar against Bijapur on three separate occasions. The Ahmednagar kingdom annexed the Deccan Sultanate of Berar later in 1574.

Major Rulers

  • Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk (1490–1504)
  • Aladdin Imad Shah (1504–1530)
  • Darya Imad Shah (1530–1562)
  • Burhan Imad Shah (1562–1574)
  • Tufal Khan (usurper) (1574)

Sultanate Of Golkonda

The Deccan Sultanate of Golkonda's reigning family was known as the Qutb Shahi dynasty or Golkonda Sultanate. The Shia Muslims of the Turkmen clan from Turkmenistan-Armenia dominated the Qutb Shahi dynasty, which was located in South India. In 1518, Sultan Quli Qutub-ul-Mulk established this dynasty. Before the Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb's army captured Golkonda in 1687, the dynasty that ruled for 171 years.

Major Rulers

  • Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk (1518–1543)
  • Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah (1543–1550)
  • Subhan Quli Qutb Shah (1550)
  • Ibrahim Quli Qutub Shah (1550–1580)
  • Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah (1580–1611)

Bidar Sultanate

The smallest of the five Deccan sultanates, the Bidar Sultanate was established by Qasim Barid in 1528 following the region's independence. Amir Barid headed the Bahmani Sultanate's governance after Mahmud Shah Bahmani's passing in 1504. As the last Bahmani king, Kalimullah, fled from Bidar in 1528, Amir Barid effectively ruled on his own. Ali Barid, who followed Amir Barid as the next shah, was the first to do so. Ali Barid was a Talikota War participant who enjoyed poetry and calligraphy. In 1619 AD, the Bijapur sultanate seized the dynasty, which had been controlled by the Barid Shahi dynasty.

Major Rulers

  • Qasim Barid I (1492–1504)
  • Amir Barid I (1504–1542)
  • Ali Barid Shah I (1542–1580)
  • Ibrahim Barid Shah (1580–1587)
  • Qasim Barid Shah II (1587–1591)
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Culture of Deccan Sultanate

The Deccan sultanates' leaders contributed to literature, painting, architecture, and music in a variety of ways.

The development of the Dakhani language, which had begun under the Bahmani kings, was significant in this period because it allowed it to continuously draw from Arabic-Persian, Marathi, Kannada, and Telugu to become a spoken and literary language. Dakhani was eventually referred to as Dakhani Urdu to set it apart from North Indian Urdu.

Another significant artistic contribution of the Deccan sultanate was Deccani miniature painting, which flourished at the courts of Ahmadnagar, Bijapur, and Golconda.

This era produced the Deccan's architectural wonders like Charminar and Gol Gumbaz. A list of potential candidates for candidature as a UNESCO World Heritage Site includes a variety of monuments constructed by the Deccan Sultanates. It is also important to note the religious tolerance exhibited by the Nizam Shahi, Adil Shahi, and Qutb Shahi dynasties.

Let us look deeply at the culture of the Deccan Sultanates.

Ahmadnagar

The earliest surviving examples of miniature painting may be found as illustrations in the manuscript Tarif-i-Hussain Shahi, which was actively supported by the Nizam Shahi kings of Ahmadnagar.

The mausoleum of Ahmad Shah I Bahri (1509), located in the middle of the garden complex Bagh Rouza, is the earliest famous piece of architecture created by the Nizam Shahi monarchs of Ahmadnagar. The Jami Mosque is also from this time frame. The Mecca Mosque was designed uniquely and was constructed in 1525 by Rumi Khan, a Turkish artillery officer under Burhan Nizam Shah I. As a place of religious instruction, the Kotla complex was built in 1537. The grand Farah Bagh served as the focal point of a sizable palatial structure that was finished in 1583.

Bidar

The Barid Shahi kings focused their architectural efforts on creating garden graves. The most significant structure in Bidar is the tomb of Ali Barid Shah (1577). In the centre of a Persian four-square garden, the tomb is made up of a towering domed chamber that is open on all four sides. A finished and magnificently designed courtly building, the Rangin Mahal in Bidar was constructed during the rule of Ali Barid Shah. The tomb of Qasim II and the Kali Mosque are two further significant structures from this era in Bidar.

Bidar is the birthplace of the significant metalwork category known as Bidriware. This metalwork is made of black metal—typically an alloy of zinc—inlaid with complex patterns made of silver, brass, and occasionally copper.

Bijapur

The Adil Shahi rulers were renowned for their religious respect towards Hindus as well as their tolerance of their practises. Hindus were hired for top positions, particularly as Marathi-speaking employees in charge of the administration and accounts.

  • Ali Adil Shah, I started construction on the unfinished Jami Mosque in 1576, one of the largest architectural projects in the Bijapur Sultanate. It contains a prayer hall with arches, lovely aisles, and a striking dome supported by enormous piers. The Ibrahim Rouza, which was originally intended to be a tomb for Queen Taj Sultana but was eventually changed to serve as the tomb for Ibrahim Adil Shah II and his family, was one of the most impressive structures erected during the reign of Ibrahim II.
  • The first miniature paintings are dated to Ali Adil Shah I's reign. The paintings in Nujum-ul-manuscript Ulum's are the most important of them all. The majority of miniature paintings, however, date from Sultan Ibrahim Adil Shah II's reign. Maulana Farrukh Hussain was one of his court's most renowned artists.
  • Many literary works were published in Dakhani during the administration of the Adil Shahi dynasty. Kitab-i-Nauras, a collection of songs written by Ibrahim Adil Shah II, is in the Dakhani language. He praised Muhammad, Khwaja Banda Nawaz Gesudaraz, the Sufi saint Khwaja Banda Nawaz, and the Hindu goddess Sarasvati in his songs. He was holding a special tambura (lute) known as Moti Khan. His court poet was Muhammad Zuhuri, a renowned poet from Persia.

Golconda

Golconda's fortified metropolis, which is now in ruins, was one of the Qutb Shahi dynasty's earliest architectural triumphs. There are also the neighbouring Qutb Shahi tombs to mention. 

  • Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah made the decision to move the capital to Hyderabad in the sixteenth century. At the centre of the new city, he built the Charminar, the Deccan's most inventive monument.
  • While Muhammad Qutb Shah was in power, construction on the Mecca Masjid, which is situated directly south of the Charminar, began in 1617 but wasn't finished until 1693.
  • The Qutb Shahi kings welcomed numerous Iranian artists to their court, including Shaykh Abbasi and Muhammad Zaman, whose works had a significant influence on the miniature paintings of the time. The 126 pictures in Anwar-i-text Suhayli are the oldest examples of miniature paintings.
  • The Qutb Shahi emperors were ardent supporters of literature and welcomed numerous Iranian academics, poets, historians, and Sufi saints to their sultanate. The development of the Dakhani language is the Golconda Sultanate's most significant literary accomplishment. Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah was an outstanding poet, in addition to being a renowned supporter of the arts and literature.
  • He left a sizable Diwan (collection of poetry) in Dakhani called as Kulliyat-i-Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah and wrote in Dakhani, Persian, and Telugu. He wrote on nature, love, and modern society in addition to praising God and the Prophet. Some noteworthy Telugu poets of this time are Kshetrayya and Bhadrachala Ramadasu.

Conclusion

Following a coup in Berar in 1574, Ahmednagar invaded and took control of it. Bidar was incorporated into Bijapur in 1619. Later, the Mughal Empire overthrew the sultanates: Berar was captured from Ahmadnagar in 1596, Ahmadnagar was completely conquered between 1616 and 1636, and Aurangzeb's expedition led to the conquest of Golconda and Bijapur. With this, the five Deccan sultanates were doomed to decline.

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Deccan Sultanates FAQs

The Deccan's first recognised dynasty was the Satavahana.

During Jalaluddin Khalji, the Deccan experienced its first Muslim incursions.

Chand Bibi was a monarch and military commander from the nation's Deccan area. She became well-known after her conflict with the Mughals.

Ahmednagar Fort was erected with stones by Hussain Nizam Shah. Mud was originally used to construct the fort.

Deccan Sultanate of Bidar was ruled by the Barid Shahi dynasty.
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