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Home / UPSC Editorials / NITI Aayog’s Sustainable Development Goals Report

NITI Aayog’s Sustainable Development Goals Report 2023-24| UPSC Editorials

Last Updated on Jan 27, 2025
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Analysis based on Editorial NITI Aayog report shows improved progress on SDGs published in The Hindu on July 12th, 2024
Topics for UPSC Prelims NITI Aayog, SDGs, United Nations, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana, Swachh Bharat Mission, Ujjwala Yojana, Jal Jeevan Mission, Ayushman Bharat-PMJAY, Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana, Saubhagya Scheme, maternal mortality rate, universal household electrification, composite water management index, India innovation index.
Topics for UPSC Mains Post-Planning Commission, cooperative federalism, Sustainable Development Goals

NITI Aayog, the government's premier think tank, recently released its fourth evaluation report on India’s progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by the United Nations in 2015. The report highlights significant strides, awarding India a score of 71 out of 100 compared to 57 in 2018. This improved score reflects the nation’s dedicated efforts toward bettering welfare, well-being, and overall quality of life for its citizens.

What is NITI Aayog's SDG India Index?

NITI Aayog’s SDG India Index is an important tool developed by the National Institution for Transforming India (NITI Aayog) to track and report the progress of Indian states and Union Territories (UTs) towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs, adopted by the United Nations in 2015, are a global call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030.

The SDG India Index is designed to:

  • Track the performance of states and UTs on various SDG indicators over time.
  • Raise awareness among stakeholders, including policymakers, about the importance of sustainable development.
  • Foster a spirit of competitive federalism, motivating states and UTs to improve their performance on sustainable development metrics.
  • Provide policymakers with data and insights to make informed decisions and prioritize areas requiring urgent attention.

By providing a detailed analysis of each state's progress, the SDG India Index aims to accelerate India's journey towards achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

Methodology of Ranking

The methodology used for ranking in the NITI Aayog's SDG India Index involves several steps:

  • Data Collection: Data for the index is collected from accredited national and international sources. The index is based on a set of carefully selected indicators that align with the global SDG framework but are adapted to the Indian context.
  • Indicators and Weightages: Indicators are chosen based on their relevance to the SDGs, data availability, and their ability to capture meaningful trends. Each indicator is assigned a weight based on its importance and impact on the progress towards the specific SDG.
  • Scoring and Normalization: States and UTs are scored on a scale from 0 to 100 for each indicator, where a higher score indicates better performance. To ensure comparability across different indicators, scores are normalized.
  • Overall Score: An overall score for each state/UT is derived by aggregating the composite scores of all 17 SDGs. This overall score reflects the state or UT’s cumulative progress in achieving the SDGs.

Categorization

  • Achievers: States/UTs with scores of 100 for a particular SDG are classified as “Achievers.”
  • Front-Runners: Those with scores between 65 and 99 are classified as “Front-Runners.”
  • Performers: States/UTs with scores between 50 and 64 are termed “Performers.”
  • Aspirants: Those scoring below 50 are categorized as “Aspirants.”

Read the article on the Planning for sustainable development!

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Key Highlights of the SDG India Index for 2023-24

The SDG India Index 2023-24 highlights Kerala as the top-performing state in health, education, and poverty reduction, while Bihar and Jharkhand showed significant improvements, particularly in clean energy and water access. Notable advancements were also observed in gender equality, renewable energy capacity, maternal health, education enrolment, and sanitation, despite persistent regional disparities.

Overall Progress

India has made commendable strides towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, as captured through the SDG India Index 2023-24. Noted improvements come at the overall SDG score of the country moving up to 71 from 66 representing the period 2020-21 and down from 57 representing 2018. This upward trend signifies commendable improvements by all states and UTs. A mix of policies oriented toward the reduction of poverty, economic growth, and climate action at the level of governments has driven progress very far.

Best Performers

Kerala and Uttarakhand have emerged as the best performers in the assessment of 2023-24. Each of these states has scored 79 points, setting a benchmark for the rest of the states. For Kerala, continued investments in health and education and good governance have paid off and continued to do so. Uttarakhand has witnessed significant improvements across most of the SDGs, with health, education, and infrastructure being some of the areas of gain.

Lowest Performers

Bihar remains the last among all states with a score of 57. It continues to throw up gigantic challenges relating to education, health, and economic infrastructure.

Jharkhand, with a score of 62 also lags behind many other states. This indicates the need for more targeted interventions to address its specific developmental challenges, including poverty and education.

Front-Runner States

This year, 32 states and Union Territories make it to the "Front-Runner" category. In fact, this has also increased pretty much as compared to previous years. At present, 10 new states have done exemplary work to reach this category, such as Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, and Uttar Pradesh.

Read the article on Natural Resources and Sustainable Management!

Government Initiatives and their Contributions to SDG Progress

High improvements in most of the SDG scores of India can be attributed to impactful government schemes and initiatives, most notable of which are stated here:

  • Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana: This housing scheme has been of great help by giving more than 4 crore houses, hence doing much to alleviate poverty and improve living conditions.
  • Swachh Bharat Mission: The pan-India campaign on cleanliness resulted in the construction of 11 crore toilets and 2.23 lakh community sanitary complexes. It significantly changed the sanitation and hygiene scenario across the country, especially in rural areas.
  • Ujjwala Yojana: Under the said scheme alone, 10 crore LPG connections have been given. This shifted several million households from conventional cooking fuels to cleaner and safer LPG.
  • Jal Jeevan Mission: This has been a fairly successful program, taking the total tap water connections to the doorstep of more than 14.9 crore beneficiaries, increasing access to clean water.
  • Ayushman Bharat-PMJAY: Ayushman Bharat gives primary health services through 1,50,000 Ayushman Arogya Mandirs and provides subsidized medicines.
  • PM Mudra Yojana: The sanctioning of 43 crore loans under this scheme has empowered the entrepreneurs, especially those involved in micro and small businesses, thus contributing to economic growth.
  • Saubhagya Scheme: Achieved universal household electrification so that almost every household came under the electricity umbrella.
  • Renewable Energy: India's solar power capacity jumped from 2.82 GW to 73.32 GW in the last decade, thereby impulsively working towards the goals of sustainable energy.
  • National Food Security Act: Food security to over 80 crore citizens under this act reduces hunger.
  • Direct Benefit Transfer: Rs. 34 lakh crore directly transferred to beneficiaries through PM-Jan Dhan accounts ensuring financial inclusion.
  • Skill India Mission: More than 1.4 crore youth were trained and upskilled, out of which 54 lakh were reskilled, in response to the demand for an efficiently skilled workforce.

Read the article on the world sustainable development summit 2023!

India’s Progress on Specific Sustainable Development Goals

Progress of India on Specific SDGs

Sustainable Development Goals

India’s Performance

India’s score improved from 60 in 2020-21 to 72 in 2023-24. Significant progress was driven by employment schemes like MGNREGA, which ensured that 99.7% of people demanding work received employment in 2023-24.

The country moved from the Aspirant category to the Performer category. Nearly 99.01% of eligible beneficiaries were covered under the National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013, highlighting significant strides in combating hunger.

The overall score jumped from 52 in 2018 to 77 in 2023-24. Key health indicators saw improvement, including full immunization (93.23%) for children aged 9-11 months and a Maternal Mortality Rate reduction to 97 per 100,000 live births.

The Adjusted Net Enrolment Rate (ANER) for elementary education stood at 96.5% for 2021-22. Additionally, 88.65% of schools were equipped with electricity and drinking water, and gender parity in higher education was achieved with equal representation of females and males (18-23 years).

The score rose from 36 in 2018 to 49 in 2023-24. However, challenges remain, as seen in the sex ratio at birth, which is currently 929 females per 1,000 males.

The score improved significantly from 63 in 2018 to 89 in 2023-24. Nearly 99.29% of rural households now have access to improved drinking water sources, and 94.7% of schools have functional toilets for girls.

This goal saw the highest score increase, from 51 in 2018 to 96 in 2023-24. Universal household electrification was achieved under the Saubhagya Scheme, and access to clean cooking fuels (LPG/PNG) increased to 96.35% from 92.02% in 2020.

India's GDP per capita growth rate was 5.88% annually in 2022-23. The unemployment rate decreased from 6.2% in 2018-19 to 3.40% in 2022-23.

The score improved from 41 in 2018 to 61 in 2023-24, with 99.70% of targeted habitations connected by all-weather roads under the PM Gram Sadak Yojana.

The score slightly decreased from 67 in 2020-21 to 65 in 2023-24. Women occupied 45.61% of Panchayati Raj Institution seats, and 28.57% representation in state legislative assemblies were of SC/ST persons.

The score saw a significant rise from 39 in 2018 to 83 in 2023-24. The percentage of processed municipal solid waste increased to 78.46% in 2024, and 97% of wards had 100% door-to-door waste collection.

The index reported 91.5% of biomedical waste being treated in 2022 and 54.99% of hazardous waste being recycled or utilized in 2022-23.

The score improved from 54 (Performer category) in 2020-21 to 67 (Front Runner category) in 2023-24. Disaster preparedness scored 19.20, and renewable energy sources accounted for 43.28% of electricity generation, up from 36.37% in 2020. Compliance of industrial units with environmental standards reached 94.86%.

This goal is not included in the Composite Score for the Index as it pertains specifically to the nine coastal states.

The goal's score rose from 66 in 2020-21 to 75 in 2023-24, with nearly 25% of India's geographical area covered by forests and tree cover.

With 95.5% of the population under Aadhaar coverage and a charge-sheeting rate of 71.3% for IPC crimes in 2022, stability and institutional strength have been bolstered.

Overview of Goals

Of the goals, "No Poverty," "Decent Work and Economic Growth," and "Life on Land" improved the most compared to 2020-21. However, only slight improvements had been made in "Gender Equality" and "Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions." The only goal reflecting a reduction in points was "Reduced Inequalities." It fell from 67 in 2020-21 to 65 in 2023-24, thus showing that inequities in income and jobs are still glaring, especially at the lowest levels of the economic ladder.

Read the article on the UN Broadband Commission For Sustainable Development!

Conclusion

The SDG India Index for 2023-24 underscores India's substantial progress and unwavering commitment towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Through strategic government interventions and dedicated efforts by states, the country has seen noteworthy improvements in key areas such as housing, sanitation, clean energy, and healthcare. India's progress, as captured in the SDG India Index, is a testament to the nation's resilience and adaptability. Continued focus on underperforming areas, coupled with robust policy implementation and inclusive development practices, will be critical as India strives to meet its SDG targets by 2030.

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UPSC Previous Year Questions

Year

Question

2019

‘NITI Aayog’ has changed the way India strategized for economic development, but its effectiveness is yet to be seen, especially when its financial powers are far less than its predecessors. Analyze.

2018

Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy is the sine qua non to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)”. Comment on the progress made in India in this regard.

2016

“Planning in India has failed to meet the challenges of economic development and social change.” Discuss the statement in the context of the emergence of NITI Aayog. 

UPSC Practice Questions

Q1. Evaluate the overall progress of India towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals as reported in the SDG India Index 2023-24. Highlight the factors that contributed to the improvement and identify areas where challenges persist. (15 marks)

Q2. Discuss the impact of government interventions such as Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana, Swachh Bharat Mission, and Jal Jeevan Mission on India's progress towards specific SDGs. Analyze how these schemes have helped or hindered India's overall goals. (15 marks)

Q3. Assess the role of NITI Aayog in enhancing India's progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. How does the framework adopted by NITI Aayog differ from the erstwhile Planning Commission in terms of achieving these goals? (15 marks)

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