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Home / UPSC Editorials / COP29 of UNFCCC

COP29 of UNFCCC | UPSC Editorials

Last Updated on Dec 13, 2024
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Context: The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC, recently concluded its 29th Conference of the Parties, or COP 29, in Baku, Azerbaijan.

COP29 builds on the major progress the world is making on global action for climate at COP27-agreed historic Loss and Damage Fund and COP28-delivery of a global agreement toward quick, fair transition away from all fossil fuels in energy systems; tripling renewable energies; and enhancing climate resilience.

Read the article on the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)!

Topics for UPSC Prelims

UNFCCC, COP summits, Paris Agreement, Global Warming

Topics for UPSC Mains

Environmental pollution, Climate change, Sustainable development

What were the Key Outcomes of the COP29 held at Baku?

The COP29 held in Baku achieved a series of significant outcomes, including firmer commitments to greenhouse gas cuts and stronger funding pledges for climate change adaptation in vulnerable countries.

New Climate Finance Target

  • Triple finance to developing nations to USD 300 billion annually by 2035 (from USD 100 billion).

Carbon Markets Agreement (Article 6)

  • Established standards for the Centralized Carbon Market under UN Article 6.4 mechanism
  • Standardized rules of country-to-country carbon trade with transparent measures
  • Created the Paris Agreement Crediting Mechanism with environment and human rights safeguards.

Adaptation Measures

  • Started a new programme for National Adaptation Plan support for LDCs.
  • Introduced the Baku Adaptation Road Map and high-level dialogue.

Representation of Indigenous Peoples

  • Extended mandate of the Facilitative Working Group on Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform

Gender Action

  • Extended Lima Work Programme on Gender and Climate Change for 10 years
  • A new gender action plan will be designed for COP30.

Youth and Civil Society Engagement

  • The event was attended by over 55,000 persons.
  • The first ever stand-alone children's spaces were made part of the Youth-led Climate Forum.

Forest Protection (REDD+)

  • The UK pledged four years of £3m to the UN Climate Change Forest Protection Programme.
  • Focus on halting deforestation by 2030.

Updates of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)

  • All countries must present new climate plans, NDCs 3.0, due next year.
  • These must account for all greenhouse gases and sectors to remain within the limit of 1.5°C of warming.

Read the article on Global Warming and Climate Change!

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What were the Shortcomings/Criticisms of the COP29 Summit?

Criticisms against COP29 included a lack of binding commitment, insufficient immediate emission reduction measures, and weak financial assistance to developing countries to address climate change effects.

  • Inadequate finance: The final finance commitment is just 20% of the developing country's ask.
    • 300 billion by 2035 is "too little, too far away" from what the developing countries need. Their calculation of an average $1.3 trillion yearly gap for financing has been pegged
  • Missing Items: Lack of provisions for the provision of affordable technology transfer and adaptation infrastructure support.
  • Less Ambition on Emission Reduction: Critics felt COP 29 lacked strong commitments and concrete plans for deeper cuts in greenhouse gas emissions.
  • Issues with Influence of Fossil Fuel Interests: The extent and influence of fossil fuel industry representatives caused a number of members to question their role.
    • The president of COP is Azerbaijan, which gets two thirds of its government revenue from the fossil fuel industry, thus creating allegations of malpractice and conflict of interest.

Read the article on World Climate and Climate Change!

What Factors are Preventing us from Arriving at Meaningful Climate Action?

The main barriers to substantial climate action are political inaction, economic reliance on fossil fuels, inadequate technological innovation, and a lack of international agreement on fair burden sharing and financing.

  • Political Factor: U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement in case a Trump presidency comes back.
  • Continued use of fossil fuels: Use of fossil fuels if other alternatives do not seem possible, especially for developing countries.
  • Global Division: Increasing gulf between the developed and developing nations in terms of climate burden.
  • Empty Rhetoric: Jargons and political bluffing rather than meaningful action.
  • Geopolitical Shifts: The world order that globalization had constructed and was affecting international cooperation began to decline.
  • Trade Politics: Climate negotiations became more and more entangled with more general trade conflicts.
  • Domestic Challenges: Reduced public support and political will in Western countries.

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UPSC Practice Questions

The recent COP 29 (UNFCCC) negotiations highlight the growing divide between climate finance commitments and actual needs of developing nations. Critically analyze the factors responsible for this gap and measures required to ensure effective climate action (150 words, 10 marks)

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