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Home / UPSC Editorials / COP 28 Climate Summit

COP 28 Climate Summit: Key Outcomes, Persistent Challenges & More

Last Updated on Jul 16, 2024
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The COP28 climate summit held in Dubai in 2023 marks a critical juncture in global climate governance. It introduced the first Global Stocktake since the inception of the Paris Agreement in 2015. This gathering is incredibly significant as it brings together around 200 nations, business leaders, climate scientists, Indigenous Peoples, and other experts to assess global progress in combating climate change. The context of rising global temperatures 2023 being projected to be the warmest year on record adds urgency to this meeting. The outcomes of COP28 will chart the course for future climate actions and policies, emphasizing the necessity of enhanced efforts to mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change.

Analysis based on 

Editorial COP28: What is Global Stocktake - and why is it important? published in The Indian Express on Dec 6th, 2023

Topics for UPSC Prelims

COP28, Paris Agreement, Global Stocktake, Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), Greenhouse Gases (GHGs), Carbon Footprint, Net-Zero Emissions, Climate Finance, Green Climate Fund, International Solar Alliance (ISA), Technology Transfer, Kyoto Protocol, UNFCCC

Topics for UPSC Mains

COP28 Outcomes, First Global Stocktake, Paris Agreement Goals, Climate Finance Commitments, India's Enhanced NDCs, International Solar Alliance Leadership, Green Credits Scheme, Inclusive Climate Policies, Climate Resilience

Background of COP 28

The journey towards globally coordinated action on climate can be traced back to several decades. It began with the activation in 2005 of the Kyoto Agreement that was created in 1997. It basically imposed obligations on developed nations to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. It, however, excluded major developing countries like India and China, which were already becoming significant emitters due to their rapid industrialisation.

The Paris Agreement was struck in 2015 under the COP21 marking an important milestone in the international climate policy regime. Unlike the Kyoto Protocol, all countries were obliged to set and strive toward emissions reduction targets in the Paris Agreement, irrespective of their development status. These targets are contained in the Nationally Determined Contributions, which provide for each country the path for addressing the impacts of a changing climate and reducing emissions. The main aim of the Paris Agreement is to keep the global average temperature increase well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels while working toward limiting temperature increases to 1.5 degrees Celsius.

Also agreed upon was that, after every five years, a collective assessment of the level of their progress by countries, known as Global Stocktake, was to be done. The process began in 2023, at the COP28 providing a comprehensive report on global efforts with the aim of guiding enhanced ambition and action in the years following.

Read the article on the Montreal Protocol!

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Importance of COP28 and the First Global Stocktake

COP28 is very important, as it hosted the first-ever Global Stocktake. This forms an enormously critical component in operationalizing the Paris Agreement. The first kind of review serves three linked purposes:

  • Progress Tracking: It clearly shows the extent to which countries are on course in achieving their NDCs and the effectiveness of the policies currently in existence. From available UNFCCC data, although progress can be noted, it is far from enough to achieve the Paris Goals, where global temperatures have already risen by about 1.2°C above pre-industrial levels.
  • Gap Identification: This stocktake exercise has brought out the existing gaps and barriers that inhibit climate action. It has identified areas that need more effort. For instance, the UN’s preliminary report from September 2023 highlighted that the current pace of implementation is inadequate and substantial acceleration across all sectors is necessary.
  • Future Policy Directions: Informed by the outcome of the stocktake, more ambitious and robust climate policies will be developed. Countries will have to revisit and enhance their commitments in their next NDCs, taking into consideration new scientific evidence, technologies, and so on.
  • Financial Mechanisms: Financial support to developing nations in transitioning to clean energy and building resilience against climate impacts is needed. It is important that this remains one of the most debated commitments by all parties within global climate negotiations.

What is Global Stocktake?

This mechanism is one of the important elements of the Paris Agreement. It reviews how nations collectively go about their efforts toward the long-term climate goals of the agreement. Particularly, it assesses the extent to which the countries are conducting their nationally determined contributions and serves to answer areas where that need to tighten the screw on their efforts. The global stocktake involves:

  • Data Collection and Analysis: Collecting comprehensive data on emissions, policies, and climate impacts from all participating countries. This data is analyzed to gauge collective progress and identify gaps.
  • Stakeholder Engagement: Involving a wide range of stakeholders, including governments, scientific bodies, civil society, and the private sector, to provide insights and contribute to a holistic assessment.
  • Synthesis of Findings: Producing a synthesis report that summarizes the findings and offers recommendations for enhancing climate action and policy adjustments.

Its goal is to engage in NDCs that will be updated and to promote more ambitious commitments, along with international collaborative efforts. It is a very important moment that enables the parties to sit back and reflect on the successes, gaps, and determine a way toward more impactful climate action.

Read the article on the Montreal Protocol!

What are the Key Outcomes of COP28?

The key outcomes of COP28 are multifaceted, addressing various dimensions of climate action:

  • Enhanced NDC Commitments: Several countries announced more ambitious NDCs, with a focus on reducing emissions and enhancing adaptation measures. This includes commitments to achieve net-zero emissions by mid-century and intermediate targets for 2030.
  • Climate Finance: There were significant discussions on climate finance, with developed nations pledging increased financial support to developing countries. This includes funding for adaptation, mitigation projects, and loss and damage compensation.
  • Technological Innovations: COP28 showcased numerous technological advancements in renewable energy, carbon capture, and storage solutions. Countries committed to adopting and scaling these technologies to meet their climate goals.
  • Global Partnerships: Strengthened international cooperation was emphasized, with countries and corporations forming alliances to tackle specific climate challenges, such as deforestation and ocean conservation.
  • Climate Resilience and Adaptation: Increased focus on enhancing climate resilience, particularly in vulnerable regions. New initiatives were launched to build infrastructure and systems resilient to climate impacts.

Read the article on the Cartagena Protocol!

Major Engagements of India in COP28

India played a proactive role at COP28, marking several significant engagements and commitments:

  • Renewed NDCs: India announced an enhanced NDC, aiming for a 45% reduction in emissions intensity of GDP by 2030 and increasing its renewable energy capacity to 500 GW.
  • International Solar Alliance: India reaffirmed its leadership in the International Solar Alliance (ISA), promoting solar energy deployment globally, particularly in developing countries. This initiative aligns with India’s efforts to combat climate change by expanding clean energy use.
  • Climate Finance: India advocated for increased financial support from developed nations to assist developing countries in their climate actions. This includes financing for adaptation and mitigation projects.
  • Green Credits Scheme: A new Green Credits Scheme was introduced, incentivizing sustainable practices and investments across various sectors. This scheme aims to promote cleaner technologies and support the transition to a green economy.

Read the article on the Difference between Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement!

Persistent Challenges

Despite the progress and commitments at COP28, several concerns persist:

  • Insufficient Global Action: The Global Stocktake revealed that the current level of global action is inadequate to meet the Paris Agreement goals. There is a need for more ambitious targets and faster implementation of climate measures.
  • Climate Finance Gaps: There are ongoing issues related to climate finance, with many developing countries expressing concerns over the adequacy and predictability of financial flows from developed nations.
  • Compliance and Accountability: Ensuring compliance with NDCs and holding countries accountable remains a challenge. The lack of enforcement mechanisms in international climate agreements complicates global efforts.
  • Technological and Capacity Barriers: Many countries, particularly developing ones, face significant barriers in accessing advanced technologies and building the capacity needed for effective climate action.
  • Impact on Marginalized Communities: The impacts of climate change disproportionately affect vulnerable and marginalized communities, highlighting the need for inclusive and equitable climate policies.

Read the article on the Environment Conventions & Protocols!

Way Forward

To address these concerns and move towards achieving global climate goals, several key steps are necessary:

  • Increasing Ambition: Countries must commit to more ambitious and concrete targets in their NDCs, aligning with the latest scientific recommendations to limit global warming to 1.5°C.
  • Enhancing Climate Finance: Developed nations need to fulfill their financial commitments, ensuring adequate funding for mitigation, adaptation, and loss and damage in developing countries. Innovative financing mechanisms should also be explored.
  • Promoting Technology Transfer: Facilitating the transfer of clean and sustainable technologies to developing nations is crucial for accelerating their climate action.
  • Strengthening Governance and Compliance: Establishing robust mechanisms for monitoring, reporting, and verifying the implementation of climate commitments will enhance accountability.
  • Inclusive Policy Frameworks: Climate policies should prioritize the inclusion of marginalized and vulnerable communities, ensuring that the benefits of climate action are distributed equitably.

Conclusion

COP28 and the first Global Stocktake are defining moments in the global struggle against climate change. This is evidence that the scope of this summit's outcome and lessons learned from this stocktake bring out in pointed relief the imperative necessity of higher ambition, cooperation, and accelerated actions. Contributions and strategies in COP28 are, therefore, very instrumental in shaping the path to a sustainable and resilient future, through which the whole world wrestles in both mitigation and adaptation to climate change. Such a forward-looking step will have its basis on the science evidence, with policy inclusiveness and commitment unshaken toward safeguarding our planet for future generations.

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UPSC Previous Year Questions

Year

Question

2022

Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases which cause global warming, in the light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997.

2021

Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on climate change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? 

2017

Explain the purpose of the Green Grid Initiative launched at World Leaders Summit of the COP26UN Climate Change Conference in Glasgow in November,2021. When was this idea first floated inthe International Solar Alliance (ISA)? 

2017

‘Climate Change’ is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change?

UPSC Practice Questions on COP 28

Q1. COP28, held in Dubai, UAE, is seen as a critical milestone in global climate governance. Critically evaluate the outcomes of COP28 with respect to the Paris Agreement's goals, the first Global Stocktake, and the commitments towards climate finance. What are the potential implications of these outcomes for developing countries like India?

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