The process of converting sugar into alcohol by microorganisms is called ____________.

The correct answer is Fermentation.

Key Points

• Fermentation is a metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases, or alcohol.
• It occurs in yeast and bacteria, and also in oxygen-starved muscle cells, as in the case of lactic acid fermentation.
• Fermentation is used in the production of alcoholic beverages such as wine, beer, and cider.
• The process is anaerobic, meaning it does not require oxygen.
• Louis Pasteur was the first to scientifically study fermentation and its microbial underpinnings.

Additional Information

• Alcoholic Fermentation:
  • Yeasts convert sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide.
  • Commonly used in the production of beer, wine, and spirits.
  • Occurs in an anaerobic environment (absence of oxygen).
• Lactic Acid Fermentation:
  • Occurs in certain bacteria and in muscle cells when oxygen is scarce.
  • Converts glucose into lactic acid.
  • Used in the production of yogurt and sauerkraut.
• Pasteurization:
  • Developed by Louis Pasteur.
  • Process of heating beverages to kill harmful bacteria.
  • Used widely in dairy products.
• Role in Food Production:
  • Fermentation is essential in baking, brewing, and dairy industries.
  • Improves food preservation and enhances flavors.
  • Produces beneficial probiotics in fermented foods.